CONTENTS

  Title Page

  Copyright Page

  Preface

  1      Introduction to POSIX for OpenVMS
    1.1 Using This Guide

  Part I   The File System and Shell

  2      File Systems in POSIX for OpenVMS
    2.1 OpenVMS and POSIX File System Differences
      2.1.1      Directory Hierarchies
      2.1.2      Filenames and Pathnames
      2.1.3      File Structures
      2.1.4      File Protection
      2.1.5      Special Files
      2.1.6      Links Between Files
    2.2 The OpenVMS File System
      2.2.1      When to Use the OpenVMS File System
      2.2.2      Modifying OpenVMS File System Characteristics
      2.2.3      Displaying OpenVMS File System Characteristics
      2.2.4      Referencing Files in the OpenVMS File System
    2.3 The POSIX for OpenVMS Container File System
      2.3.1      When to Use the Container File System
      2.3.2      Commands in the POSIX for OpenVMS Container File System
    2.4 Using the OpenVMS and POSIX for OpenVMS File Systems
      2.4.1      Using Valid Pathnames in POSIX for OpenVMS

  3      The POSIX for OpenVMS Shell Environment
    3.1 Overview of the POSIX for OpenVMS Shell
    3.2 POSIX for OpenVMS Commands
    3.3 Invoking the POSIX for OpenVMS Shell
    3.4 Waiting for the POSIX for OpenVMS Prompt
    3.5 Starting a Shell Session
      3.5.1      POSIX for OpenVMS Profile Files
      3.5.2      The ENV Environment Variable
      3.5.3      Invoking a Sub-Shell
    3.6 Online Help
    3.7 Moving from the POSIX for OpenVMS Shell to DCL
    3.8 Determining the Environment
      3.8.1      Determining the Command Language Interpreter
      3.8.2      Determining the Current Working Directory
    3.9 Special Files and Directories Required by POSIX for OpenVMS
    3.10 POSIX for OpenVMS Shell Parameters
      3.10.1     Setting a Shell Variable
      3.10.2     Evaluating Shell Variables
      3.10.3     Using Shell Variables
      3.10.4     Displaying Shell Variables
      3.10.5     Unsetting Shell Variables
      3.10.6     Exporting Shell Variables
      3.10.7     Environment Variables
      3.10.8     Readonly Variables
    3.11 Configuration Values
    3.12 Treatment of Universal Time
    3.13 POSIX for OpenVMS Processes and Job Control
      3.13.1     Foreground and Background Jobs
      3.13.2     Running Commands in the Foreground
      3.13.3     Running Commands in the Background
      3.13.4     Manipulating Background Jobs
    3.14 Exiting the POSIX for OpenVMS Shell
    3.15 Running Processes after Logging Off

  4      POSIX for OpenVMS Commands
    4.1 Commands in the POSIX Environment
    4.2 Using the Terminal in the POSIX Environment
      4.2.1      Command Line Editing
      4.2.2      Recalling Commands
      4.2.3      Controlling Terminal Actions
    4.3 Redirecting Input, Output and Error Messages
      4.3.1      Redirecting Output
      4.3.2      Redirecting Input
      4.3.3      Appending Redirected Output
      4.3.4      Creating a Here-Document
      4.3.5      Duplicating an Input File Descriptor
      4.3.6      Duplicating an Output File Descriptor
      4.3.7      Opening a File Descriptor for Reading and Writing
      4.3.8      Word Expansion
    4.4 Using Pipelines to Create Compound Commands
    4.5 Grouping Commands into Lists
      4.5.1      Creating Sequential Lists
      4.5.2      Creating Asynchronous Lists
      4.5.3      Creating AND Lists
      4.5.4      Creating OR Lists
    4.6 Using the Grouping Operators to Create Compound Commands

  5      POSIX for OpenVMS Shell Notation
    5.1 Using the POSIX for OpenVMS Special Notation
    5.2 Quoting Characters to Remove Special Meanings
      5.2.1      The Single Quote Character
      5.2.2      Double Quotes
      5.2.3      The Backslash
      5.2.4      Quoting Positional Parameters
      5.2.5      Removing Quote Characters
    5.3 Pattern Matching Notation
      5.3.1      Wildcard Notation
      5.3.2      Regular Expressions and Extended Regular Expressions

  6      Programming the POSIX for OpenVMS Shell
    6.1 Creating a POSIX for OpenVMS Shell Script
    6.2 Executing a Shell Script
    6.3 Expanding a POSIX for OpenVMS Shell Command
      6.3.1      Alias Substitution
      6.3.2      Tilde Expansion
      6.3.3      Parameter Expansion
      6.3.4      Command Substitution
      6.3.5      Arithmetical Expansion
      6.3.6      Field Splitting
      6.3.7      Pathname Expansion
      6.3.8      Quote Removal
    6.4 Shell Scripts, Parameters and Variables
      6.4.1      Evaluating Environment Variables
      6.4.2      Using Parameters to Obtain Information About the Shell
      6.4.3      Exporting Variables
      6.4.4      Using Operators to Manipulate Variables
    6.5 Testing Conditions Within a Shell Script
      6.5.1      Other Uses for the test Utility
      6.5.2      Combining Test Expressions
      6.5.3      Testing the Exit Status
    6.6 Command Control in Shell Scripts
    6.7 Using the Conditional Statements
      6.7.1      Using the if Conditional Statement
      6.7.2      Using the case Conditional Statement
    6.8 Looping Within a Shell Script
      6.8.1      Using the for Loop
      6.8.2      Using the while Loop
      6.8.3      Using the until Loop
      6.8.4      Nesting Control Structures
      6.8.5      Controlling Command Execution
    6.9 Creating Shell Functions
      6.9.1      Returning Values from a Function
    6.10 Terminating Scripts and Functions

  Part II   The POSIX for OpenVMS Utilities Guides

  7      A Guide to awk
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 An awk Program
    7.3 Input to awk Programs
    7.4 Variables and Expressions
    7.5 Symbol Table
    7.6 Environment
    7.7 Operators
    7.8 Command Line Arguments
    7.9 Built-In Arithmetical Functions
    7.10 Built-In String Functions
    7.11 The System Function
    7.12 User-Defined Functions
    7.13 Patterns and Actions
    7.14 Output

  8      A Guide to bc
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Numbers
    8.3 Identifiers
    8.4 Built-In Variables
      8.4.1      Scale
      8.4.2      Bases
      8.4.3      Arithmetical Operations
      8.4.4      Comments and White Space
      8.4.5      Instructions
    8.5 Functions
      8.5.1      Built-In Functions
    8.6 Dynamic Scoping

  9      A Guide to dc
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Input
    9.3 Reverse Polish Notation
    9.4 The Scaling Factor
    9.5 Basic Operators
    9.6 Numbers in Different Bases
    9.7 Executing Strings
    9.8 Array Operations
    9.9 Other Commands
    9.10 Example

  10     A Guide to lex
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 lex Programs
    10.3 Definitions
    10.4 Rules
      10.4.1     Token String and Length
      10.4.2     Numbers and Values
    10.5 Declarations
    10.6 Using lex
      10.6.1     The yylex( ) Function
      10.6.2     The lex Table File
      10.6.3     Generating and Compiling yylex( )
      10.6.4     The LEX Library
    10.7 Error Detection and Recovery
    10.8 Ambiguity and the Look-Ahead Facility
      10.8.1     Resolving Ambiguities
      10.8.2     The Look-Ahead Facility
      10.8.3     Left Context Sensitivity
      10.8.4     The Reject Action
      10.8.5     Character Set
      10.8.6     Linking lex Files

  11     A Guide to make
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Macros
    11.3 Special Characters
    11.4 Rules
    11.5 Metarules
    11.6 Attributes
    11.7 Special Targets
    11.8 Special Macros
    11.9 Making Libraries
    11.10 Conditionals
    11.11 Limits
    11.12 Files Used by make

  12     A Guide to the Revision Control System
    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 Functions of RCS
    12.3 Getting Started with RCS
    12.4 Automatic Identification
    12.5 RCS States
    12.6 Revision Numbers
    12.7 Check Out by Date
    12.8 Symbolic Names
    12.9 Merging
    12.10 More RCS Utilities
    12.11 File Names
    12.12 File Times
    12.13 RCS Configuration
    12.14 RCS File Format
    12.15 RCS Editing for Log Messages and Text Descriptions

  13     A Guide to yacc
    13.1 Introduction
    13.2 How the yacc Utility Works
      13.2.1     The yyparse( ) and yylex( ) Routines
      13.2.2     Grammar Rules
    13.3 Input to yacc
      13.3.1     The Declaration Section
      13.3.2     Token Declarations
      13.3.3     Precedence and Associativity
      13.3.4     Variable and Function Declarations
      13.3.5     Summary of the Output from yacc
    13.4 Grammar Rules
      13.4.1     Recognition Actions
      13.4.2     Token and Symbol Values
      13.4.3     Precedence in the Grammar Rules
      13.4.4     The Start Symbol
      13.4.5     The End Marker
      13.4.6     Declarations in yyparse( )
    13.5 The Program Section
      13.5.1     The Lexical Analyzer
    13.6 Internal Structures
      13.6.1     States
      13.6.2     Diagramming States
      13.6.3     State Actions
      13.6.4     The Accept Action
      13.6.5     The Shift Action
      13.6.6     The Reduce Action
      13.6.7     The Goto Action
      13.6.8     The Error Action
    13.7 Error Handling
      13.7.1     The error Symbol
      13.7.2     The Error Condition
      13.7.3     Examples of Using Actions
      13.7.4     Error Recognition Actions
      13.7.5     The yyclearin Macro
      13.7.6     The yyerror( ) Function
      13.7.7     The yyerrok Macro
      13.7.8     Other Error Support Routines
    13.8 Output from yacc
      13.8.1     Rules Summary
      13.8.2     State Descriptions
      13.8.3     Parser Statistics
    13.9 Types
      13.9.1     The Default Action
    13.10 Ambiguities
      13.10.1    Resolving Conflicts by Precedence
    13.11 Disambiguating Rules
      13.11.1    Conflicts in yacc Output
    13.12 Advanced Features
      13.12.1    LALR(2) Grammars
        13.12.1.1    The Look-Ahead Action
        13.12.1.2    The yy2lex( ) Routine
        13.12.1.3    Conflicts
      13.12.2    Multiple Actions
      13.12.3    Selection Preference
      13.12.4    Nonpositive Numbers in $N Constructs
      13.12.5    Lists and Handling Null Strings
      13.12.6    Right Versus Left Recursion
      13.12.7    The YYDEBUG Symbol
      13.12.8    Advanced Symbols Use
      13.12.9    The YYERROR( ) Macro
      13.12.10  The Default Action
      13.12.11  Errors and Shift/Reduce Conflicts
      13.12.12  Additional Information on yacc
      13.12.13  The yacc Parser
      13.12.14 yacc Differences
    13.13 Files Produced or Used by the yacc Utility
    13.14 Linking yacc Files