CONTENTS

  Title Page

  Copyright Page

  Preface

  1      Introduction
    1.1 Language Standards
    1.2 Language Compatibility
    1.3 Elements of Source Programs
      1.3.1      Program Units
      1.3.2      Statements
      1.3.3      Symbolic Names
      1.3.4      Comments
    1.4 Character Set
    1.5 Coding Rules
      1.5.1      Fixed-Format Lines
      1.5.2      Tab-Format Lines
      1.5.3      Statement Label Field
        1.5.3.1      Comment Indicator
        1.5.3.2      Debugging Statement Indicator
      1.5.4      Continuation Indicator Field
      1.5.5      Statement Field
      1.5.6      Sequence Number Field
    1.6 Compilation Control Statements
      1.6.1      DICTIONARY Statement (VMS only)
      1.6.2      INCLUDE Statement
      1.6.3      OPTIONS Statement

  2      Data Types, Data Items, and Expressions
    2.1 Data Types
    2.2 Data Items
      2.2.1      Constants
        2.2.1.1      Integer Constants
        2.2.1.2      Real Constants
        2.2.1.3      Complex Constants
        2.2.1.4      Bit Constants
        2.2.1.5      Logical Constants
        2.2.1.6      Character Constants
        2.2.1.7      Hollerith Constants
      2.2.2      Variables
        2.2.2.1      Data Type by Specification
        2.2.2.2      Data Type by Implication
      2.2.3      Arrays
        2.2.3.1      Array Declarators
        2.2.3.2      Array Subscripts
        2.2.3.3      Arrangement of Array Elements in Storage
        2.2.3.4      Data Type of an Array
        2.2.3.5      Referencing Arrays Without Subscripts
        2.2.3.6      Classes of Arrays
      2.2.4      Character Substrings
      2.2.5      Records
        2.2.5.1      Arrangement of Records in Storage
        2.2.5.2      References to Record Fields
      2.2.6      Terminology Referring to Data Items
    2.3 Expressions
      2.3.1      Arithmetic Expressions
        2.3.1.1      Using Parentheses
        2.3.1.2      Data Type of an Arithmetic Expression
      2.3.2      Character Expressions
      2.3.3      Relational Expressions
      2.3.4      Logical Expressions

  3      Assignment Statements
    3.1 Arithmetic Assignment Statement
    3.2 Logical Assignment Statement
    3.3 Character Assignment Statement
    3.4 Aggregate Assignment Statement
    3.5 ASSIGN Statement

  4      Specification Statements
    4.1 AUTOMATIC and STATIC Statements
    4.2 BLOCK DATA Statement
    4.3 COMMON Statement
    4.4 DATA Statement
    4.5 Type Declaration Statements
      4.5.1      Numeric Type Declaration Statements
      4.5.2      Character Type Declaration Statements
    4.6 DIMENSION Statement
    4.7 EQUIVALENCE Statement
      4.7.1      Making Arrays Equivalent
      4.7.2      Making Substrings Equivalent
      4.7.3      EQUIVALENCE and COMMON Interaction
    4.8 EXTERNAL Statement
    4.9 IMPLICIT Statement
    4.10 INTRINSIC Statement
    4.11 NAMELIST Statement
    4.12 PARAMETER Statement
    4.13 POINTER Statement
    4.14 PROGRAM Statement
    4.15 RECORD Statement
    4.16 SAVE Statement
    4.17 Structure Declarations
      4.17.1     Type Declarations in Structure Declarations
      4.17.2     Substructure Declarations in Structure Declarations
      4.17.3     Union Declarations in Structure Declarations
    4.18 VOLATILE Statement

  5      Control Statements
    5.1 CALL Statement
    5.2 CASE Construct (Alpha only)
    5.3 CONTINUE Statement
    5.4 DO Constructs
      5.4.1      Indexed DO Constructs
        5.4.1.1      DO Iteration Control
        5.4.1.2      Nested DO Loops
        5.4.1.3      Control Transfers in DO Loops
        5.4.1.4      Extended Range
      5.4.2      DO WHILE Constructs
      5.4.3      CYCLE Statement (Alpha only)
      5.4.4      EXIT Statement (Alpha only)
    5.5 END Statement
    5.6 GO TO Statements
      5.6.1      Unconditional GO TO Statement
      5.6.2      Computed GO TO Statement
      5.6.3      Assigned GO TO Statement
    5.7 IF Statements and Constructs
      5.7.1      Arithmetic IF Statement
      5.7.2      Logical IF Statement
      5.7.3      IF Constructs
        5.7.3.1      Statement Blocks
        5.7.3.2      Examples of IF Constructs
        5.7.3.3      Nested IF Constructs
    5.8 PAUSE Statement
    5.9 RETURN Statement
    5.10 STOP Statement

  6      Subprograms:  Subroutines and Functions
    6.1 Subprogram Arguments
      6.1.1      Actual Argument and Dummy Argument Association
        6.1.1.1      Adjustable Arrays
        6.1.1.2      Assumed-Size Arrays
        6.1.1.3      Automatic Arrays (Alpha only)
        6.1.1.4      Passed-Length Character Arguments
        6.1.1.5      Hollerith and Character Constants as Actual Arguments
        6.1.1.6      Alternate Return Arguments
      6.1.2      Built-In Functions
        6.1.2.1      Argument List Built-In Functions
        6.1.2.2      %LOC Built-In Function
    6.2 User-Written Subprograms
      6.2.1      Statement Functions
      6.2.2      Function Subprograms
        6.2.2.1      Logical and Numeric Functions
        6.2.2.2      Character Functions
        6.2.2.3      Function Reference
      6.2.3      Subroutine Subprograms:  SUBROUTINE Statement
      6.2.4      ENTRY Statement
        6.2.4.1      ENTRY Statements in Function Subprograms
        6.2.4.2      ENTRY Statements in Subroutine Subprograms
    6.3 Fortran Intrinsic Functions
      6.3.1      Intrinsic Function References
        6.3.1.1      Generic References to Intrinsic Functions
        6.3.1.2      Using Intrinsic Function Names
      6.3.2      Character and Lexical Comparison Intrinsic Functions
        6.3.2.1      Character Functions
        6.3.2.2      Lexical Comparison Functions

  7      I/O Statements
    7.1 Components of I/O Statements
      7.1.1      Control List
        7.1.1.1      Rules for Control-List Parameters
        7.1.1.2      Logical Unit Specifier
        7.1.1.3      Internal File Specifier
        7.1.1.4      Format Specifier
        7.1.1.5      Namelist Specifier
        7.1.1.6      Record Specifier
        7.1.1.7      Key-Field-Value Specifier (VMS only)
        7.1.1.8      Key-of-Reference Specifier (VMS only)
        7.1.1.9      I/O Status Specifier
        7.1.1.10     Transfer-of-Control Specifiers
      7.1.2      I/O List
        7.1.2.1      Simple List Elements
        7.1.2.2      Implied-DO Lists in I/O Statements
    7.2 READ Statements
      7.2.1      Sequential READ Statements
        7.2.1.1      Formatted Sequential READ Statement
        7.2.1.2      List-Directed Sequential READ Statement
        7.2.1.3      Namelist Sequential READ Statement
        7.2.1.4      Unformatted Sequential READ Statement
      7.2.2      Direct Access READ Statements
        7.2.2.1      Formatted Direct Access READ Statement
        7.2.2.2      Unformatted Direct Access READ Statement
      7.2.3      Indexed READ Statements (VMS only)
        7.2.3.1      Formatted Indexed READ Statement (VMS only)
        7.2.3.2      Unformatted Indexed READ Statement (VMS only)
      7.2.4      Internal READ Statement
        7.2.4.1      Formatted Internal READ Statement
        7.2.4.2      List-Directed Internal READ Statement
    7.3 WRITE Statements
      7.3.1      Sequential WRITE Statements
        7.3.1.1      Formatted Sequential WRITE Statement
        7.3.1.2      List-Directed Sequential WRITE Statement
        7.3.1.3      Namelist Sequential WRITE Statement
        7.3.1.4      Unformatted Sequential WRITE Statement
      7.3.2      Direct Access WRITE Statements
        7.3.2.1      Formatted Direct Access WRITE Statement
        7.3.2.2      Unformatted Direct Access WRITE Statement
      7.3.3      Indexed WRITE Statements (VMS only)
        7.3.3.1      Formatted Indexed WRITE Statement (VMS only)
        7.3.3.2      Unformatted Indexed WRITE Statement (VMS only)
      7.3.4      Internal WRITE Statement
        7.3.4.1      Formatted Internal WRITE Statement
        7.3.4.2      List-Directed Internal WRITE Statement
    7.4 REWRITE Statements
      7.4.1      Formatted REWRITE Statement
      7.4.2      Unformatted REWRITE Statement
    7.5 ACCEPT Statements
    7.6 TYPE and PRINT Statements

  8      I/O Formatting
    8.1 FORMAT Statement Syntax
      8.1.1      Field Descriptor Syntax
      8.1.2      Edit Descriptor Syntax
      8.1.3      FORMAT Codes
    8.2 General Rules for Writing FORMAT Statements
      8.2.1      General Input Rules for FORMAT Statements
      8.2.2      General Output Rules for FORMAT Statements
    8.3 Field Descriptors
      8.3.1      Integer Editing
        8.3.1.1      I Field Descriptor
        8.3.1.2      O Field Descriptor
        8.3.1.3      Z Field Descriptor
      8.3.2      Real and Complex Editing
        8.3.2.1      F Field Descriptor
        8.3.2.2      E Field Descriptor
        8.3.2.3      D Field Descriptor
        8.3.2.4      G Field Descriptor
        8.3.2.5      Complex Editing
      8.3.3      Logical Editing - the L Field Descriptor
      8.3.4      Character Editing - the A Field Descriptor
      8.3.5      Default Field Descriptor Parameters
      8.3.6      Repeat Counts and Group Repeat Counts
      8.3.7      Variable Format Expressions
    8.4 Edit Descriptors
      8.4.1      Positional Editing
        8.4.1.1      T Edit Descriptor
        8.4.1.2      TL Edit Descriptor
        8.4.1.3      TR Edit Descriptor
        8.4.1.4      X Edit Descriptor
      8.4.2      Sign Editing
        8.4.2.1      SP Edit Descriptor
        8.4.2.2      SS Edit Descriptor
        8.4.2.3      S Edit Descriptor
      8.4.3      Blank Editing
        8.4.3.1      BN Edit Descriptor
        8.4.3.2      BZ Edit Descriptor
      8.4.4      Scale Factor Editing - the P Edit Descriptor
      8.4.5      Character String Editing
        8.4.5.1      H Edit Descriptor
        8.4.5.2      Character Constants
    8.5 Additional Edit Descriptors
      8.5.1      Colon Edit Descriptor
      8.5.2      Dollar Sign Edit Descriptor
      8.5.3      Q Edit Descriptor
    8.6 Carriage Control
    8.7 Format Specification Separators
    8.8 External Field Separators
    8.9 Run-Time Formats
    8.10 Format Control Interaction with I/O Lists

  9      Auxiliary I/O Statements on OpenVMS Systems
    9.1 BACKSPACE Statement
    9.2 CLOSE Statement
    9.3 DELETE Statement
    9.4 ENDFILE Statement
    9.5 INQUIRE Statement
      9.5.1      ACCESS Specifier
      9.5.2      BLANK Specifier
      9.5.3      CARRIAGECONTROL Specifier
      9.5.4      CONVERT Specifier
      9.5.5      DIRECT Specifier
      9.5.6      ERR Specifier
      9.5.7      EXIST Specifier
      9.5.8      FORM Specifier
      9.5.9      FORMATTED Specifier
      9.5.10     IOSTAT Specifier
      9.5.11     KEYED Specifier
      9.5.12     NAME Specifier
      9.5.13     NAMED Specifier
      9.5.14     NEXTREC Specifier
      9.5.15     NUMBER Specifier
      9.5.16     OPENED Specifier
      9.5.17     ORGANIZATION Specifier
      9.5.18     RECL Specifier
      9.5.19     RECORDTYPE Specifier
      9.5.20     SEQUENTIAL Specifier
      9.5.21     UNFORMATTED Specifier
    9.6 OPEN Statement
      9.6.1      ACCESS Keyword
      9.6.2      ASSOCIATEVARIABLE Keyword
      9.6.3      BLANK Keyword
      9.6.4      BLOCKSIZE Keyword
      9.6.5      BUFFERCOUNT Keyword
      9.6.6      CARRIAGECONTROL Keyword
      9.6.7      CONVERT Keyword
      9.6.8      DEFAULTFILE Keyword
      9.6.9      DISPOSE Keyword
      9.6.10     ERR Keyword
      9.6.11     EXTENDSIZE Keyword
      9.6.12     FILE Keyword
      9.6.13     FORM Keyword
      9.6.14     INITIALSIZE Keyword
      9.6.15     IOSTAT Keyword
      9.6.16     KEY Keyword
      9.6.17     MAXREC Keyword
      9.6.18     NAME Keyword
      9.6.19     NOSPANBLOCKS Keyword
      9.6.20     ORGANIZATION Keyword
      9.6.21     READONLY Keyword
      9.6.22     RECL Keyword
      9.6.23     RECORDSIZE Keyword
      9.6.24     RECORDTYPE Keyword
      9.6.25     SHARED Keyword
      9.6.26     STATUS Keyword
      9.6.27     TYPE Keyword
      9.6.28     UNIT Keyword
      9.6.29     USEROPEN Keyword
    9.7 REWIND Statement
    9.8 UNLOCK Statement

  10     Auxiliary I/O Statements on DEC OSF/1 and NT Systems
    10.1 BACKSPACE Statement
    10.2 CLOSE Statement
    10.3 DELETE Statement
    10.4 ENDFILE Statement
    10.5 INQUIRE Statement
      10.5.1     ACCESS Specifier
      10.5.2     BLANK Specifier
      10.5.3     CARRIAGECONTROL Specifier
      10.5.4     CONVERT Specifier
      10.5.5     DIRECT Specifier
      10.5.6     ERR Specifier
      10.5.7     EXIST Specifier
      10.5.8     FORM Specifier
      10.5.9     FORMATTED Specifier
      10.5.10    IOSTAT Specifier
      10.5.11    NAME Specifier
      10.5.12    NAMED Specifier
      10.5.13    NEXTREC Specifier
      10.5.14    NUMBER Specifier
      10.5.15    OPENED Specifier
      10.5.16    ORGANIZATION Specifier
      10.5.17    RECL Specifier
      10.5.18    RECORDTYPE Specifier
      10.5.19    SEQUENTIAL Specifier
      10.5.20    UNFORMATTED Specifier
    10.6 OPEN Statement
      10.6.1     ACCESS Keyword
      10.6.2     ASSOCIATEVARIABLE Keyword
      10.6.3     BLANK Keyword
      10.6.4     BLOCKSIZE Keyword
      10.6.5     BUFFERCOUNT Keyword
      10.6.6     CARRIAGECONTROL Keyword
      10.6.7     CONVERT Keyword
      10.6.8     DEFAULTFILE Keyword
      10.6.9     DISPOSE Keyword
      10.6.10    ERR Keyword
      10.6.11    FILE Keyword
      10.6.12    FORM Keyword
      10.6.13    IOSTAT Keyword
      10.6.14    MAXREC Keyword
      10.6.15    NAME Keyword
      10.6.16    ORGANIZATION Keyword
      10.6.17    READONLY Keyword
      10.6.18    RECL Keyword
      10.6.19    RECORDSIZE Keyword
      10.6.20    RECORDTYPE Keyword
      10.6.21    STATUS Keyword
      10.6.22    TYPE Keyword
      10.6.23    UNIT Keyword
      10.6.24    USEROPEN Keyword
    10.7 REWIND Statement
    10.8 UNLOCK Statement

  11     Compiler Directives
    11.1 General Rules for Compiler Directives
    11.2 General Directives
      11.2.1     ALIAS Directive
      11.2.2     ASSERT Directive (VAX only)
      11.2.3     IDENT Directive
      11.2.4     INIT_DEP_FWD Directive (VAX only)
      11.2.5     NOVECTOR Directive (VAX only)
      11.2.6     OPTIONS Directive (Alpha only)
      11.2.7     PSECT Directive
      11.2.8     TITLE and SUBTITLE Directives
    11.3 Parallel Directives (VAX only)
      11.3.1     CONTEXT_SHARED Directive (VAX only)
      11.3.2     CONTEXT_SHARED_ALL Directive (VAX only)
      11.3.3     DO_PARALLEL Directive (VAX only)
      11.3.4     LOCKON and LOCKOFF Directives (VAX only)
      11.3.5     PRIVATE Directive (VAX only)
      11.3.6     PRIVATE_ALL Directive (VAX only)
      11.3.7     SHARED Directive (VAX only)
      11.3.8     SHARED_ALL Directive (VAX only)
      11.3.9     Parallel Directive Examples (VAX only)

  A Additional Language Features
    A.1 DEFINE FILE Statement
    A.2 The ENCODE and DECODE Statements
    A.3 FIND Statement
    A.4 NOF77 Interpretation of the EXTERNAL Statement
    A.5 Octal Notation for Integer Constants
    A.6 PARAMETER Statement
    A.7 VIRTUAL Statement
    A.8 Intrinsic Functions
    A.9 Alternative Syntax for Bit Constants
    A.10 C-Style Escape Sequences (Alpha only)
    A.11 Alternative Syntax for a Record Specifier
    A.12 Alternative Syntax for the DELETE Statement
    A.13 Alternative Syntax for Character Constants (Alpha only)

  B Character Sets
    B.1 Fortran Character Set
    B.2 ASCII and DEC Multinational Character Sets
    B.3 Radix-50 Constants and Character Set (VAX only)

  C Expression Operators and Intrinsic Procedures
    C.1 Expression Operators
    C.2 Intrinsic Functions
      C.2.1      Mathematical Intrinsic Functions
      C.2.2      Numeric Intrinsic Functions
      C.2.3      Bit Manipulation Intrinsic Functions
      C.2.4      Character Intrinsic Functions
      C.2.5      Miscellaneous Intrinsic Functions
    C.3 Basic Linear Algebraic Routines (VAX only)
      C.3.1      Basic Set (VAX only)
      C.3.2      Extended Set (VAX only)

  D System Subprograms and Bit Manipulation Functions
    D.1 System Subprogram Summary
      D.1.1     DATE Subroutine
      D.1.2     EXIT Subroutine
      D.1.3     IDATE Subroutine
      D.1.4     MVBITS Subroutine
      D.1.5     RAN Function
      D.1.6     SECNDS Function
      D.1.7     TIME Subroutine
    D.2 Bit Manipulation Functions
      D.2.1     Bit Position
      D.2.2     Bit Function Arguments

  E Summary of Language Extensions
    E.1 Platform-Independent Extensions
    E.2 Platform-Specific Extensions
    E.3 Summary of Data Types and Characteristics
    E.4 Platform-Specific Compiler Options

  Glossary
    3f library routines ~ . . . array
      array declaration . . . binary operator
      bit constant . . . character expression
      character storage unit . . . constant
      contiguous . . . double-precision constant
      driver program ~ . . . external routine
      field . . . foreign file
      format . . . hexadecimal constant
      Hollerith constant . . . I/O
      iteration count . . . local optimization
      local symbol . . . module
      multinational character set . . . operand
      operator . . . precision
      primary key ~ . . . recursion
      relational expression . . . scale factor
      scope . . . statement function
      statement function definition . . . symbolic name
      syntax . . . variable-length record type
      vector . . . vector