CONTENTS

  Title Page

  Copyright Page

  Preface

  1      Introduction to Programming in DEC DBMS

  1.1     Getting the Information Necessary to Write a Program

  1.2     Selecting a Usage Mode
    1.2.1      The Volume of Data the Program Will Use
    1.2.2      The Need for Fast Performance
    1.2.3      Your Ability to Share Data

  1.3     Understanding the Subschema
    1.3.1      Subschema Diagram
    1.3.2      Subschema Listing
    1.3.3      Written Subschema Explanation

  2      Using the Database Query Utility

  2.1     Beginning and Ending a DBQ Session

  2.2     Getting Help in DBQ

  2.3     Binding to a Database in DBQ

  2.4     Displaying Information About the Database

  2.5     Beginning a Transaction

  2.6     Ending a Transaction

  2.7     Ending Database Access Between or After Transactions

  2.8     Locating and Retrieving Records
    2.8.1      Using Data Item Values to Retrieve Records
      2.8.1.1      Finding an Exact Match
      2.8.1.2      Finding Values Based on Boolean Expressions
    2.8.2      Using a Record and Its Relationships
    2.8.3      Using Data Item Values and Set Relationships
      2.8.3.1      Retrieving Records from Sequential or CHAIN Sets
      2.8.3.2      Retrieving Records in Hashed or CALC Sets
      2.8.3.3      Retrieving Records in INDEX Sets
    2.8.4      Using Loops to Walk Through Sets
    2.8.5      Summary of Retrieval in Sets

  2.9     Moving Through a Database
    2.9.1      The Current Record
    2.9.2      Null or Position Currency
    2.9.3      Maintaining Currency
    2.9.4      Rules for Using Currency Indicators
    2.9.5      The Currency Display Legend
    2.9.6      Manipulating Currency Indicators in Database Access

  2.10    Modifying Existing Records

  2.11    Adding Records to a Database and to Sets

  2.12    Removing Records from a Database or from Sets
    2.12.1     Erasing Records
    2.12.2     Moving Records to Other Set Occurrences
    2.12.3     Disconnecting Records from Sets

  2.13    Summary of Membership Characteristics

  2.14    Editing Within the DBQ Utility

  3      Embedding DML Statements

  3.1     Using DML Statements

  3.2     Using Callable DBQ Routines
    3.2.1      Creating a User Work Area
    3.2.2      Calling a DBQ Routine

  3.3     Compiling, Linking, and Running Programs
    3.3.1      Compiling DML Programs
      3.3.1.1      Specifying the Host Language
      3.3.1.2      Specifying the DML Prefix Character
      3.3.1.3      Specifying Whether or Not Intermediate Files Are Compiled
      3.3.1.4      Specifying Whether or Not Comments Are Included in Intermediate Files
      3.3.1.5      Specifying Whether or Not Intermediate Files Are Deleted
      3.3.1.6      Specifying the Options for Intermediate Files
      3.3.1.7      Specifying the Directory for the Object File
      3.3.1.8      Specifying Whether or Not Error Trapping Is Enabled
      3.3.1.9      Defining Symbols for DML Commands
      3.3.1.10     DML Precompiler Error Messages
    3.3.2      Compiling Callable DBQ Programs
      3.3.2.1      VAX Ada
      3.3.2.2      VAX BASIC
      3.3.2.3      VAX BLISS
      3.3.2.4      VAX C
      3.3.2.5      VAX COBOL
      3.3.2.6      VAX DIBOL
      3.3.2.7      VAX FORTRAN
      3.3.2.8      VAX MACRO
      3.3.2.9      VAX Pascal
      3.3.2.10     VAX PL/I

  3.4     Linking and Running Programs

  3.5     Using the Sample Application Programs
    3.5.1      VAX Ada
    3.5.2      VAX BASIC
    3.5.3      VAX BLISS
    3.5.4      VAX C
    3.5.5      VAX COBOL
    3.5.6      VAX DIBOL
    3.5.7      VAX FORTRAN
    3.5.8      VAX MACRO
    3.5.9      VAX Pascal
    3.5.10     VAX PL/I

  4      Programming the Two-Phase Commit Protocol

  4.1     Deciding to Use Two-Phase Commit

  4.2     Programming for Two-Phase Commit
    4.2.1      Starting a Distributed Transaction
    4.2.2      Joining a Distributed Transaction
    4.2.3      Ending a Distributed Transaction

  4.3     Handling Errors

  5      Programming Topics

  5.1     Invoking a Database

  5.2     Finding and Fetching Records
    5.2.1      Creating a Bill of Materials
    5.2.2      Fetching Records Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    5.2.3      Fetching Records Within a Forked Set

  5.3     Storing New Records
    5.3.1      Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    5.3.2      Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  5.4     Modifying Records

  5.5     Erasing Records

  5.6     Condition Tests

  5.7     Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  5.8     Error Handling
    5.8.1      Testing the Program Logic
    5.8.2      Trapping Errors
      5.8.2.1      Trapping Errors Globally
      5.8.2.2      Trapping Errors Line by Line
    5.8.3      Handling Errors

  5.9     Supported Data Types

  6      Writing VAX Ada Programs with DEC DBMS

  6.1     Invoking a Database

  6.2     Finding and Fetching Records
    6.2.1      Creating a Bill of Materials
    6.2.2      Fetching a Record Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    6.2.3      Fetching a Record Within a Forked Set

  6.3     Storing New Records
    6.3.1      Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    6.3.2      Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  6.4     Modifying Records

  6.5     Erasing Records

  6.6     Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  6.7     Handling Errors

  6.8     Condition Tests

  6.9     Supported Data Types

  7      Writing VAX BASIC Programs with DEC DBMS

  7.1     Invoking a Database

  7.2     Finding and Fetching Records
    7.2.1      Creating a Bill of Materials
    7.2.2      Fetching a Record Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    7.2.3      Fetching a Record Within a Forked Set

  7.3     Storing New Records
    7.3.1      Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    7.3.2      Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  7.4     Modifying Records

  7.5     Erasing Records

  7.6     Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  7.7     Handling Errors

  7.8     Condition Tests

  7.9     Supported Data Types

  8      Writing VAX BLISS Programs with DEC DBMS

  8.1     Invoking a Database

  8.2     Finding and Fetching Records
    8.2.1      Creating a Bill of Materials
    8.2.2      Fetching a Record Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    8.2.3      Fetching a Record Within a Forked Set

  8.3     Storing New Records
    8.3.1      Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    8.3.2      Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  8.4     Modifying Records

  8.5     Erasing Records

  8.6     Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  8.7     Handling Errors

  8.8     Condition Tests

  8.9     Supported Data Types

  9      Writing VAX C Programs with DEC DBMS

  9.1     Invoking a Database

  9.2     Finding and Fetching Records
    9.2.1      Creating a Bill of Materials
    9.2.2      Fetching a Record Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    9.2.3      Fetching a Record Within a Forked Set

  9.3     Storing New Records
    9.3.1      Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    9.3.2      Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  9.4     Modifying Records

  9.5     Erasing Records

  9.6     Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  9.7     Handling Errors

  9.8     Condition Tests

  9.9     Supported Data Types

  10     Writing VAX COBOL Programs with DEC DBMS

  10.1    Invoking a Database

  10.2    Finding and Fetching Records
    10.2.1     Creating a Bill of Materials
    10.2.2     Fetching a Record Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    10.2.3     Fetching a Record Within a Forked Set

  10.3    Storing New Records
    10.3.1     Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    10.3.2     Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  10.4    Modifying Records

  10.5    Erasing Records

  10.6    Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  10.7    Handling Errors

  10.8    Condition Tests

  10.9    Supported Data Types

  11     Writing VAX DIBOL Programs with DEC DBMS

  11.1    Invoking a Database

  11.2    Finding and Fetching Records
    11.2.1     Creating a Bill of Materials
    11.2.2     Fetching a Record Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    11.2.3     Fetching a Record Within a Forked Set

  11.3    Storing New Records
    11.3.1     Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    11.3.2     Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  11.4    Modifying Records

  11.5    Erasing Records

  11.6    Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  11.7    Handling Errors

  11.8    Condition Tests

  11.9    Supported Data Types

  12     Writing VAX FORTRAN Programs with DEC DBMS

  12.1    Invoking a Database

  12.2    Finding and Fetching Records
    12.2.1     Creating a Bill of Materials
    12.2.2     Fetching a Record Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    12.2.3     Fetching a Record Within a Forked Set

  12.3    Storing New Records
    12.3.1     Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    12.3.2     Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  12.4    Modifying Records

  12.5    Erasing Records

  12.6    Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  12.7    Handling Errors

  12.8    Condition Tests

  12.9    Supported Data Types

  13     Writing VAX MACRO Programs with DEC DBMS

  13.1    Invoking a Database

  13.2    Finding and Fetching Records
    13.2.1     Creating a Bill of Materials
    13.2.2     Fetching a Record Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    13.2.3     Fetching a Record Within a Forked Set

  13.3    Storing New Records
    13.3.1     Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    13.3.2     Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  13.4    Modifying Records

  13.5    Erasing Records

  13.6    Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  13.7    Handling Errors

  13.8    Condition Tests

  13.9    Supported Data Types

  14     Writing VAX Pascal Programs with DEC DBMS

  14.1    Invoking a Database

  14.2    Finding and Fetching Records
    14.2.1     Creating a Bill of Materials
    14.2.2     Fetching a Record Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    14.2.3     Fetching a Record Within a Forked Set

  14.3    Storing New Records
    14.3.1     Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    14.3.2     Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  14.4    Modifying Records

  14.5    Erasing Records

  14.6    Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  14.7    Handling Errors

  14.8    Condition Tests

  14.9    Supported Data Types

  15     Writing VAX PL/I Programs with DEC DBMS

  15.1    Invoking a Database

  15.2    Finding and Fetching Records
    15.2.1     Creating a Bill of Materials
    15.2.2     Fetching a Record Within a MANUAL OPTIONAL Set
    15.2.3     Fetching a Record Within a Forked Set

  15.3    Storing New Records
    15.3.1     Inserting Stored Records into SYSTEM-Owned Sets
    15.3.2     Inserting Stored Records into Forked Sets

  15.4    Modifying Records

  15.5    Erasing Records

  15.6    Using String Concatenation Instead of Passing Variables

  15.7    Handling Errors

  15.8    Condition Tests

  15.9    Supported Data Types

  A   PARTS Database Subschema

  A.1     PARTS Bachman Diagram

  A.2     PARTSS1 Subschema

  A.3     PARTSS2 Subschema

  A.4     PARTSS3 Subschema

  A.5     PARTSS4 Subschema

  A.6     PARTSS5 Subschema

  B   Finding the Sample Programs

  C   The Two-Phase Commit Protocol

  C.1     Distributed Transactions

  C.2     Two-Phase Commit Protocol

  C.3     Walkthrough of a Two-Phase Commit Transaction

  D   VAX FORTRAN Example of Two-Phase Commit

  E   VAX COBOL Example of Two-Phase Commit

  EXAMPLES

  4-1        MAIN.PAS

  4-2        DB1SUB.PAS

  4-3        DB2SUB.PAS

  5-1        BOM_QUERIES Module

  5-2        BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  5-3        PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  5-4        PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  5-5        VENDOR_BY_PART Module

  5-6        VENDOR_BY_PART_DML Module

  5-7        ADD_PARTS Module

  5-8        ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  5-9        ADD_SUPPLY Module

  5-10       ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  5-11       ADD_QUOTE Module

  5-12       ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  5-13       MODIFY_PARTS Module

  5-14       MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  5-15       DELETE_PARTS Module

  5-16       DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  5-17       BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  5-18       BIDS_BY_PRICE_DML Module

  5-19       ERROR_HANDLER Module

  6-1        BOM_QUERIES Module

  6-2        BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  6-3        PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  6-4        PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  6-5        VENDOR_BY_PART Module

  6-6        VENDOR_BY_PART_DML Module

  6-7        ADD_PARTS Module

  6-8        ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  6-9        ADD_SUPPLY Module

  6-10       ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  6-11       ADD_QUOTE Module

  6-12       ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  6-13       MODIFY_PARTS Module

  6-14       MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  6-15       DELETE_PARTS Module

  6-16       DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  6-17       BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  6-18       BIDS_BY_PRICE_DML Module

  6-19       ERROR_HANDLER Module

  7-1        BOM_QUERIES Module

  7-2        BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  7-3        PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  7-4        PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  7-5        VENDOR_BY_PART Module

  7-6        VENDOR_BY_PART_DML Module

  7-7        ADD_PARTS Module

  7-8        ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  7-9        ADD_SUPPLY Module

  7-10       ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  7-11       ADD_QUOTE Module

  7-12       ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  7-13       MODIFY_PARTS Module

  7-14       MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  7-15       DELETE_PARTS Module

  7-16       DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  7-17       BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  7-18       BIDS_BY_PRICE_DML Module

  7-19       ERROR_HANDLER Module

  8-1        BOM_QUERIES Module

  8-2        BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  8-3        PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  8-4        PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  8-5        VENDOR_BY_PART Module

  8-6        VENDOR_BY_PART_DML Module

  8-7        ADD_PARTS Module

  8-8        ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  8-9        ADD_SUPPLY Module

  8-10       ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  8-11       ADD_QUOTE Module

  8-12       ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  8-13       MODIFY_PARTS Module

  8-14       MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  8-15       DELETE_PARTS Module

  8-16       DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  8-17       BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  8-18       BIDS_BY_PRICE_DML Module

  8-19       ERROR_HANDLER Module

  9-1        BOM_QUERIES Module

  9-2        BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  9-3        PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  9-4        PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  9-5        VENDOR_BY_PART Module

  9-6        VENDOR_BY_PART_DML Module

  9-7        ADD_PARTS Module

  9-8        ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  9-9        ADD_SUPPLY Module

  9-10       ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  9-11       ADD_QUOTE Module

  9-12       ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  9-13       MODIFY_PARTS Module

  9-14       MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  9-15       DELETE_PARTS Module

  9-16       DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  9-17       BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  9-18       BIDS_BY_PRICE_DML Module

  9-19       ERROR_HANDLER Module

  10-1       BOM_QUERIES Module

  10-2       BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  10-3       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  10-4       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  10-5       VENDOR_BY_PARTS Module

  10-6       VENDOR_BY_PARTS_DML Module

  10-7       ADD_PARTS Module

  10-8       ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  10-9       ADD_SUPPLY Module

  10-10      ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  10-11      ADD_QUOTE Module

  10-12      ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  10-13      MODIFY_PARTS Module

  10-14      MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  10-15      DELETE_PARTS Module

  10-16      DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  10-17      BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  10-18      BIDS_BY_UNIT_PRICE_DML Module

  10-19      ERROR-HANDLER Module

  11-1       BOM_QUERIES Module

  11-2       BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  11-3       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  11-4       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  11-5       VENDOR_BY_PART Module

  11-6       VENDOR_BY_PART_DML Module

  11-7       ADD_PARTS Module

  11-8       ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  11-9       ADD_SUPPLY Module

  11-10      ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  11-11      ADD_QUOTE Module

  11-12      ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  11-13      MODIFY_PARTS Module

  11-14      MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  11-15      DELETE_PARTS Module

  11-16      DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  11-17      BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  11-18      BIDS_BY_PRICE_DML Module

  11-19      ERROR_HANDLER Module

  12-1       Common Block

  12-2       BOM_QUERIES Module

  12-3       BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  12-4       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  12-5       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  12-6       VENDOR_BY_PART Module

  12-7       VENDOR_BY_PART_DML Module

  12-8       ADD_PARTS Module

  12-9       ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  12-10      ADD_SUPPLY Module

  12-11      ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  12-12      ADD_QUOTE Module

  12-13      ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  12-14      MODIFY_PARTS Module

  12-15      MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  12-16      DELETE_PARTS Module

  12-17      DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  12-18      BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  12-19      BIDS_BY_PRICE_DML Module

  12-20      ERROR_HANDLER Module

  13-1       BOM_QUERIES Module

  13-2       BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  13-3       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  13-4       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  13-5       VENDOR_BY_PART Module

  13-6       VENDOR_BY_PART_DML Module

  13-7       ADD_PARTS Module

  13-8       ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  13-9       ADD_SUPPLY Module

  13-10      ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  13-11      ADD_QUOTE Module

  13-12      ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  13-13      MODIFY_PARTS Module

  13-14      MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  13-15      DELETE_PARTS Module

  13-16      DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  13-17      BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  13-18      BIDS_BY_PRICE_DML Module

  13-19      ERROR_HANDLER Module

  14-1       BOM_QUERIES Module

  14-2       BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  14-3       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  14-4       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  14-5       VENDOR_BY_PART Module

  14-6       VENDOR_BY_PART_DML Module

  14-7       ADD_PARTS Module

  14-8       ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  14-9       ADD_SUPPLY Module

  14-10      ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  14-11      ADD_QUOTE Module

  14-12      ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  14-13      MODIFY_PARTS Module

  14-14      MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  14-15      DELETE_PARTS Module

  14-16      DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  14-17      BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  14-18      BIDS_BY_PRICE_DML Module

  14-19      ERROR_HANDLER Module

  15-1       PL/I Declarations

  15-2       BOM_QUERIES Module

  15-3       BOM_QUERIES_DML Module

  15-4       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE Module

  15-5       PARTS_BY_EMPLOYEE_DML Module

  15-6       VENDOR_BY_PARTS Module

  15-7       VENDOR_BY_PART_DML Module

  15-8       ADD_PARTS Module

  15-9       ADD_PARTS_DML Module

  15-10      ADD_SUPPLY Module

  15-11      ADD_SUPPLY_DML Module

  15-12      ADD_QUOTE Module

  15-13      ADD_QUOTE_DML Module

  15-14      MODIFY_PARTS Module

  15-15      MODIFY_PARTS_DML Module

  15-16      DELETE_PARTS Module

  15-17      DELETE_PARTS_DML Module

  15-18      BIDS_BY_PRICE Module

  15-19      BIDS_BY_PRICE_DML Module

  15-20      ERROR_HANDLER Module

  D-1        MAIN.FOR

  D-2        DB1SUB

  D-3        DB2SUB

  E-1        TWOPC_MAIN.COB

  E-2        TWOPC_EAST.COB

  E-3        TWOPC_WEST.COB

  FIGURES

  1-1        Usage Mode Conflicts Chart

  1-2        Bachman Diagram of the PARTS Database

  2-1        Currency Diagram on VT2xx Terminal

  2-2        Pointer Clusters

  2-3        Physical Collection of Records

  2-4        Database Keys

  2-5        Currency Display

  2-6        Positional Currency Display

  2-7        Insertion, Retention, and Deletion Operations Chart

  3-1        Compilation Process

  A-1        Bachman Diagram of the PARTS Database

  C-1        Example of A Distributed Transaction

  C-2        Starting a Distributed Transaction

  C-3        Ending a Distributed Transaction

  C-4        Prepare Phase of the Two-Phase Commit Protocol

  C-5        Resource Manager Executes Prepare Phase

  C-6        Participants Vote

  C-7        Coordinator Writes Commit Record

  C-8        Executing the Commit Phase

  C-9        Resource Managers Execute the Commit Phase

  C-10       Acknowledging the Commit

  TABLES

  2-1        Relational Operators

  5-1        Status Returned to DML$VALUE or FDM$VALUE

  5-2        Constants Declared by the DML Precompiler

  6-1        VAX Ada Data Types

  7-1        VAX BASIC Data Types

  8-1        VAX BLISS Data Types

  9-1        VAX C Data Types

  10-1       VAX COBOL Data Types

  11-1       VAX DIBOL Data Types

  12-1       VAX FORTRAN Data Types

  13-1       VAX MACRO Data Types

  14-1       VAX Pascal Data Types

  15-1       VAX PL/I Data Types