CONTENTS

  Title Page

  Copyright Page

  Preface

  Summary of Technical Changes

  Part I   Developing VAX BASIC Programs on VMS

  1      Overview of the VAX BASIC Language

  2      Introduction to the VMS Operating System

  2.1     Logging In and Out

  2.2     Accessing the HELP Facility

  2.3     Entering and Editing DCL Commands

  2.4     Understanding the Directory Structure

  2.5     Using DCL File-Handling Commands
    2.5.1      Displaying Files
    2.5.2      Printing and Typing Files
    2.5.3      Deleting Files
    2.5.4      Purging Files
    2.5.5      Renaming and Moving Files
    2.5.6      Searching Files
    2.5.7      Setting File Protection

  2.6     Using Command Procedures
    2.6.1      Defining DCL Symbols and Logical Names
    2.6.2      Creating and Executing Command Procedures
    2.6.3      Sample Command Procedure
    2.6.4      Login Command Procedures

  2.7     DCL Commands for Program Development

  3      Developing Programs in the BASIC Environment

  3.1     Entering the Environment

  3.2     Creating and Running Programs

  3.3     Immediate Mode

  3.4     Debugging in Immediate Mode

  3.5     Compiler Commands
    3.5.1      Entering Comments
    3.5.2      Entering DCL Commands
    3.5.3      The APPEND Command
    3.5.4      The ASSIGN Command
    3.5.5      The COMPILE Command
    3.5.6      The CONTINUE Command
    3.5.7      The DELETE Command
    3.5.8      The EDIT Command
    3.5.9      The EXIT Command
    3.5.10     The HELP Command
    3.5.11     The IDENTIFY Command
    3.5.12     The LIST and LISTNH Commands
    3.5.13     The LOAD Command
    3.5.14     The LOCK Command
    3.5.15     The NEW Command
    3.5.16     The OLD Command
    3.5.17     The RENAME Command
    3.5.18     The REPLACE Command
    3.5.19     The RESEQUENCE Command
    3.5.20     The RUN and RUNNH Commands
    3.5.21     The SAVE Command
    3.5.22     The SCALE Command
    3.5.23     The SCRATCH Command
    3.5.24     The SEQUENCE Command
    3.5.25     The SET Command
    3.5.26     The SHOW Command
    3.5.27     The UNSAVE Command

  4      Developing VAX BASIC Programs at DCL Command Level

  4.1     Creating a VAX BASIC Program
    4.1.1      Using VAX EDT
    4.1.2      Using VAXTPU
      4.1.2.1      The EVE Interface
      4.1.2.2      The EDT Keypad Emulator Interface

  4.2     Compiling a VAX BASIC Program
    4.2.1      The BASIC Command
    4.2.2      BASIC Command Qualifiers
    4.2.3      Compiler Listings
      4.2.3.1      Source Program Listing
      4.2.3.2      Cross-Reference Listing
      4.2.3.3      Allocation Map
      4.2.3.4      Qualifier Summary
      4.2.3.5      Machine Code Listing

  4.3     Linking a VAX BASIC Program
    4.3.1      The LINK Command
    4.3.2      LINK Command Qualifiers
    4.3.3      Linker Input Files
    4.3.4      Linker Output Files
    4.3.5      Using an Object Module Library
    4.3.6      Linker Error Messages

  4.4     Running a VAX BASIC Program

  5      Using the VMS Debugger

  5.1     Overview of the Debugger

  5.2     Features of the Debugger

  5.3     Getting Started with the Debugger
    5.3.1      Compiling and Linking to Prepare for Debugging
      5.3.1.1      Establishing the Debugging Configuration
    5.3.2      Starting and Terminating a Debugging Session
    5.3.3      Issuing Debugger Commands
    5.3.4      Viewing Your Source Code
      5.3.4.1      Noscreen Mode
      5.3.4.2      Screen Mode
    5.3.5      Controlling and Monitoring Program Execution
      5.3.5.1      Starting and Resuming Program Execution
      5.3.5.2      Determining the Current Location of the Program Counter
      5.3.5.3      Suspending Program Execution
      5.3.5.4      Tracing Program Execution
      5.3.5.5      Monitoring Changes in Variables
    5.3.6      Examining and Manipulating Data
      5.3.6.1      Displaying the Values of Variables
      5.3.6.2      Changing the Values of Variables
      5.3.6.3      Evaluating Expressions
      5.3.6.4      Stepping Into VAX BASIC Routines
    5.3.7      Controlling Symbol References
      5.3.7.1      Module Setting
      5.3.7.2      Resolving Multiply-Defined Symbols

  5.4     A Sample Debugging Session

  5.5     Debugger Command Summary

  Part II   VAX BASIC Programming Concepts

  6      Getting Started with VAX BASIC

  6.1     Line Numbers
    6.1.1      Programs with Line Numbers
    6.1.2      Programs Without Line Numbers
    6.1.3      Labels
    6.1.4      Continuation of Long Program Statements

  6.2     Identifying Program Units

  6.3     The VAX BASIC Character Set

  6.4     Program Documentation

  6.5     Declarations and Data Types
    6.5.1      Implicit Data Typing
    6.5.2      Explicit Data Typing

  6.6     Constants

  6.7     Variables
    6.7.1      Floating-Point Variables
    6.7.2      Integer Variables
    6.7.3      Packed Decimal Variables
    6.7.4      String Variables
    6.7.5      Subscripted Variables

  6.8     Keywords and Reserved Words

  6.9     Operands, Operators, and Expressions

  6.10    Assignment Statements

  7      Simple Input and Output

  7.1     Program Input
    7.1.1      Providing Input Interactively
      7.1.1.1      The INPUT Statement
      7.1.1.2      The INPUT LINE and LINPUT Statements
      7.1.1.3      Enabling and Disabling the Question Mark Prompt
    7.1.2      Providing Input from the Source Program
      7.1.2.1      The READ and DATA Statements
      7.1.2.2      The RESTORE Statement

  7.2     Program Output
    7.2.1      Print Zones-The Comma and the Semicolon
    7.2.2      Output Format for Numbers and Strings

  7.3     Terminal-Format Files
    7.3.1      Opening and Closing a Terminal-Format File
    7.3.2      Writing Records to a Terminal-Format File

  8      Arrays

  8.1     Introduction

  8.2     Creating Arrays Explicitly
    8.2.1      Creating Arrays with the DECLARE Statement
    8.2.2      Creating Arrays with the DIM Statement
      8.2.2.1      Declarative DIM Statements
      8.2.2.2      Executable DIM Statements
    8.2.3      Creating Arrays with the COMMON Statement
    8.2.4      Creating Arrays with the MAP Statement

  8.3     Determining the Bounds of an Array

  8.4     Creating Arrays Implicitly

  8.5     Assigning and Displaying Array Values
    8.5.1      Assigning Values with the LET Statement
    8.5.2      Listing Array Elements with the PRINT Statement

  8.6     Using MAT Statements
    8.6.1      The MAT Statement
    8.6.2      The MAT READ Statement
    8.6.3      The MAT INPUT [#] Statement
    8.6.4      The MAT LINPUT [#] Statement
    8.6.5      The MAT PRINT [#] Statement
    8.6.6      Matrix I/O Functions (NUM and NUM2)

  8.7     Matrix Operators
    8.7.1      Arithmetic Matrix Operations
      8.7.1.1      Assignment
      8.7.1.2      Addition and Subtraction
      8.7.1.3      Multiplication
    8.7.2      Matrix Functions
      8.7.2.1      The TRN Function
      8.7.2.2      The INV Function
      8.7.2.3      The DET Function

  9      Data Definition

  9.1     Declarative Statements

  9.2     Data Types

  9.3     Setting the Default Data Type and Size

  9.4     Declaring Variables Explicitly

  9.5     Declaring Named Constants Explicitly
    9.5.1      Declaring Constants Within a Program Unit
    9.5.2      Declaring Constants External to the Program Unit
    9.5.3      Declaring a Default Constant Type

  9.6     Operations with Multiple Data Types

  9.7     Allocating Static Storage
    9.7.1      The COMMON Statement
    9.7.2      The MAP Statement
      9.7.2.1      Single Maps
      9.7.2.2      Multiple Maps
    9.7.3      FILL Items
    9.7.4      Using COMMON and MAP in Subprograms

  9.8     Dynamic Mapping

  10     Creating and Using Data Structures

  10.1    The RECORD Statement
    10.1.1     Grouping RECORD Components
    10.1.2     RECORD Variants
    10.1.3     Accessing RECORD Components

  11     Program Control

  11.1    Statement Modifiers
    11.1.1     The IF Modifier
    11.1.2     The UNLESS Modifier
    11.1.3     The FOR Modifier
    11.1.4     The UNTIL Modifier
    11.1.5     The WHILE Modifier
    11.1.6     Nesting Modifiers

  11.2    Loops
    11.2.1     FOR...NEXT Loops
    11.2.2     WHILE...NEXT Loops
    11.2.3     UNTIL...NEXT Loops
    11.2.4     Nesting Loops

  11.3    Unconditional Branching (the GOTO Statement)

  11.4    Conditional Branching
    11.4.1     The ON...GOTO...OTHERWISE Statement
    11.4.2     The IF...THEN...ELSE Statement
    11.4.3     The SELECT...CASE Statement

  11.5    The EXIT and ITERATE Statements

  11.6    Executing Local Subroutines
    11.6.1     The GOSUB and RETURN Statements
    11.6.2     The ON...GOSUB...OTHERWISE Statement

  11.7    Suspending and Halting Program Execution
    11.7.1     The SLEEP Statement
    11.7.2     The WAIT Statement
    11.7.3     The STOP Statement
    11.7.4     The END Statement

  12     Functions

  12.1    Built-In Functions
    12.1.1     Numeric Functions
      12.1.1.1     The ABS Function
      12.1.1.2     The INT and FIX Functions
      12.1.1.3     The SIN, COS, and TAN Functions
      12.1.1.4     The LOG10 Function
      12.1.1.5     The EXP Function
      12.1.1.6     The RND Function
    12.1.2     Data Conversion Functions
      12.1.2.1     The ASCII Function
      12.1.2.2     The CHR$ Function
    12.1.3     String Numeric Functions
      12.1.3.1     The FORMAT$ Function
      12.1.3.2     The NUM$ and NUM1$ Functions
      12.1.3.3     The VAL% and VAL Functions
    12.1.4     String Arithmetic Functions
      12.1.4.1     The SUM$ and DIF$ Functions
      12.1.4.2     The QUO$, PLACE$, and PROD$ Functions
    12.1.5     Date and Time Functions
      12.1.5.1     The DATE$ Function
      12.1.5.2     The TIME$ Function
      12.1.5.3     The TIME Function
    12.1.6     Terminal Control Functions
      12.1.6.1     The CTRLC and RCTRLC Functions
      12.1.6.2     The ECHO and NOECHO Functions
      12.1.6.3     The INKEY$ Function

  12.2    User-Defined Functions
    12.2.1     Single-Line DEF Functions
    12.2.2     Multiline DEF Functions

  13     String Handling

  13.1    Introduction

  13.2    Using Dynamic Strings

  13.3    Using Fixed-Length Strings

  13.4    Using String Virtual Arrays

  13.5    Assigning String Data
    13.5.1     The LET Statement
    13.5.2     The LSET Statement
    13.5.3     The RSET Statement
    13.5.4     The MID$ Assignment Statement

  13.6    Manipulating String Data with String Functions
    13.6.1     The LEN Function
    13.6.2     The POS Function
    13.6.3     The SEG$ Function
    13.6.4     The MID$ Function
    13.6.5     The STRING$ Function
    13.6.6     The SPACE$ Function
    13.6.7     The TRM$ Function
    13.6.8     The EDIT$ Function

  13.7    Manipulating String Data with Multiple Maps

  14     Program Segmentation

  14.1    VAX BASIC Subprograms
    14.1.1     SUB Subprograms
    14.1.2     FUNCTION Subprograms

  14.2    Declaring Subprograms and Parameters

  14.3    Compiling Subprograms

  14.4    Invoking Subprograms
    14.4.1     Invoking SUB Subprograms
    14.4.2     Invoking FUNCTION Subprograms

  14.5    Returning Program Status

  15     File Input and Output

  15.1    Record Formats
    15.1.1     Fixed-Length Records
    15.1.2     Variable-Length Records
    15.1.3     Stream Records

  15.2    File Organizations
    15.2.1     Terminal-Format Files
    15.2.2     Sequential Files
    15.2.3     Relative Files
    15.2.4     Indexed Files
    15.2.5     Virtual Files

  15.3    Record Access and Record Context

  15.4    I/O and Record Buffers

  15.5    Accessing the Contents of a Record
    15.5.1     The MAP Statement
    15.5.2     The MAP DYNAMIC and REMAP Statements
    15.5.3     The MOVE Statement

  15.6    File and Record Operations
    15.6.1     Opening Files
    15.6.2     Creating Virtual Array Files
    15.6.3     Locating Records
    15.6.4     Reading Records
    15.6.5     Writing Records
    15.6.6     Deleting Records
    15.6.7     Updating Records
    15.6.8     Controlling Record Access
    15.6.9     Gaining Access to Locked Records
    15.6.10    Accessing Records by Record File Address
    15.6.11    Transferring Data to Terminal-Format Files
    15.6.12    Resetting the File Position
    15.6.13    Truncating Files
    15.6.14    Renaming Files
    15.6.15    Closing Files and Ending I/O
    15.6.16    Deleting Files

  15.7    File-Related Functions
    15.7.1     The FSP$ Function
    15.7.2     The RECOUNT Function
    15.7.3     The STATUS, VMSSTATUS, and RMSSTATUS Functions

  15.8    OPEN Statement Options
    15.8.1     The BUCKETSIZE Clause
    15.8.2     The BUFFER Clause
    15.8.3     The CONNECT Clause
    15.8.4     The CONTIGUOUS Clause
    15.8.5     The DEFAULTNAME Clause
    15.8.6     The EXTENDSIZE Clause
    15.8.7     The FILESIZE Clause
    15.8.8     The NOSPAN Clause
    15.8.9     The RECORDTYPE Clause
    15.8.10    The TEMPORARY Clause
    15.8.11    The USEROPEN Clause
    15.8.12    The WINDOWSIZE Clause

  16     Formatting Output with the PRINT USING Statement

  16.1    Introduction

  16.2    Using Format Strings

  16.3    Printing Numbers
    16.3.1     Specifying the Number of Digits
    16.3.2     Specifying Decimal Point Location
    16.3.3     Printing Numbers with Special Symbols
      16.3.3.1     Commas
      16.3.3.2     Asterisk Fill Fields
      16.3.3.3     Currency Symbols
      16.3.3.4     Negative Fields
      16.3.3.5     E (Exponential) Format
      16.3.3.6     Leading Zeros
      16.3.3.7     Blank-If-Zero Fields
      16.3.3.8     Debits and Credits

  16.4    Printing Strings
    16.4.1     Left-Justified Format
    16.4.2     Right-Justified Format
    16.4.3     Centered Fields
    16.4.4     Extended Fields

  16.5    PRINT USING Statement Error Conditions

  17     Handling Run-Time Errors

  17.1    Default Error Handling

  17.2    User-Supplied Error Handlers
    17.2.1     Protected Regions
    17.2.2     Handlers
    17.2.3     Exiting from Handlers
      17.2.3.1     The RETRY Statement
      17.2.3.2     The CONTINUE Statement
      17.2.3.3     The EXIT HANDLER Statement
    17.2.4     Selecting the Severity of Errors to Handle
    17.2.5     Identifying Errors
      17.2.5.1     Determining the Error Number (ERR)
      17.2.5.2     Determining the Error Line Number (ERL)
      17.2.5.3     Determining Where the Error Occurred (ERN$)
      17.2.5.4     Determining the Error Message Text (ERT$)
      17.2.5.5     Determining VMS Error Information
      17.2.5.6     Determining RMS Error Information
    17.2.6     CTRL/C Trapping
    17.2.7     Handling Errors in Multiple-Unit Programs
    17.2.8     Forcing Errors

  17.3    Using the ON ERROR Statements

  18     Compiler Directives

  18.1    Introduction

  18.2    Controlling the Compilation Listing
    18.2.1     The %TITLE and %SBTTL Directives
    18.2.2     The %IDENT Directive
    18.2.3     The %PAGE Directive
    18.2.4     The %LIST and %NOLIST Directives
    18.2.5     The %CROSS and %NOCROSS Directives

  18.3    Accessing External Source Files

  18.4    Controlling Compilation
    18.4.1     The %LET Directive
    18.4.2     The %VARIANT Directive
    18.4.3     The %ABORT Directive
    18.4.4     The %PRINT Directive
    18.4.5     The %IF-%THEN-%ELSE-%END %IF Directive

  18.5    Record Dependency Relationships in CDD/Plus

  19     Data Representation

  19.1    Integer Format
    19.1.1     Byte-Length Integer Format
    19.1.2     Word-Length Integer Format
    19.1.3     Longword Integer Format

  19.2    Real Number Format
    19.2.1     SINGLE Floating-Point Number Format (F_floating)
    19.2.2     DOUBLE Floating-Point Number Format (D_floating)
    19.2.3     GFLOAT Floating-Point Number Format (G_floating)
    19.2.4     HFLOAT Floating-Point Number Format (H_floating)

  19.3    Packed Decimal Number Format

  19.4    String and Array Descriptor Format
    19.4.1     Fixed-Length String Descriptor Format
    19.4.2     Dynamic String Descriptor Format

  19.5    Array Descriptors
    19.5.1     The Prototype Block
    19.5.2     The Multiplier Block
    19.5.3     The Bounds Block

  19.6    Decimal Scalar String Descriptor (Packed Decimal String Descriptor)

  Part III   Using VAX BASIC Features on VMS

  20     Advanced File Input and Output

  20.1    Introduction

  20.2    RMS I/O to Magnetic Tape
    20.2.1     Allocating and Mounting a Tape
    20.2.2     Opening a Tape File for Output
    20.2.3     Opening a Tape File for Input
    20.2.4     Positioning a Tape
    20.2.5     Writing Records to a File
    20.2.6     Reading Records from a File
    20.2.7     Controlling Tape Output Format
    20.2.8     Rewinding a Tape
    20.2.9     Closing a File

  20.3    Device-Specific I/O
    20.3.1     Device-Specific I/O to Unit Record Devices
    20.3.2     Device-Specific I/O to Magnetic Tape Devices
      20.3.2.1     Allocating and Mounting a Tape
      20.3.2.2     Opening a Tape File for Output
      20.3.2.3     Opening a Tape File for Input
      20.3.2.4     Writing Records to a File
      20.3.2.5     Reading Records from a File
      20.3.2.6     Rewinding a Tape
      20.3.2.7     Closing a Tape
    20.3.3     Device-Specific I/O to Disks
      20.3.3.1     Assigning and Mounting a Disk
      20.3.3.2     Opening a Disk File for Output
      20.3.3.3     Opening a Disk File for Input
      20.3.3.4     Writing Records to a Disk File
      20.3.3.5     Reading Records from a Disk File

  20.4    I/O to Mailboxes

  20.5    Network I/O
    20.5.1     Remote File Access
    20.5.2     Task-to-Task Communication
    20.5.3     Accessing an Rdb/VMS Database

  21     Using VAX BASIC in the Common Language Environment

  21.1    Specifying Parameter-Passing Mechanisms
    21.1.1     Passing Parameters by Reference
    21.1.2     Passing Parameters by Descriptor
    21.1.3     Passing Parameters by Value
    21.1.4     VAX BASIC Default Parameter-Passing Mechanisms
    21.1.5     Creating Local Copies

  21.2    Calling External Routines
    21.2.1     Determining the Type of Call
    21.2.2     Declaring an External Routine and Its Arguments
    21.2.3     Calling the Routine

  21.3    Calling VAX BASIC Subprograms from Other Languages

  21.4    Calling System Routines
    21.4.1     VMS Run-Time Library Routines
    21.4.2     System Service Routines
    21.4.3     System Routine Arguments
    21.4.4     Including Symbolic Definitions
    21.4.5     Condition Values

  21.5    Examples of Calling System Routines

  21.6    The VAX Procedure Calling and Condition Handling Standard
    21.6.1     The Argument List
    21.6.2     The Return of the Function Value
    21.6.3     Register and Stack Usage

  21.7    Additional Information

  22     Libraries and Shareable Images

  22.1    Introduction

  22.2    System-Supplied Libraries

  22.3    Creating User-Supplied Object Module Libraries
    22.3.1     Accessing User-Supplied Object Module Libraries in the BASIC Environment
    22.3.2     Accessing User-Supplied Object Module Libraries at DCL Level

  22.4    Shareable Images
    22.4.1     Accessing Shareable Images in the BASIC Environment
    22.4.2     Accessing Shareable Images at DCL Level

  23     CDD/Plus Support in VAX BASIC

  23.1    Overview of VAX CDD/Plus

  23.2    CDD/Plus Concepts
    23.2.1     Dictionary Formats
    23.2.2     Dictionary Path Names
    23.2.3     Dictionary Entities
    23.2.4     Dictionary Relationships
    23.2.5     Extracting CDD/Plus Data Definitions in VAX BASIC

  23.3    Using CDD/Plus with VAX BASIC
    23.3.1     The /DEPENDENCY_DATA Qualifier
    23.3.2     Creating Relationships with Included Record Definitions

  23.4    Creating Relationships for Referenced Dictionary Entities

  23.5    Specifying a CDD History List Entry

  23.6    CDD/Plus Arrays

  23.7    CDD/Plus Variants

  23.8    The NAME FOR BASIC Clause

  23.9    CDD/Plus Data Types
    23.9.1     Character String Data Types
    23.9.2     Integer Data Types
    23.9.3     Floating-Point Data Types
    23.9.4     Decimal String Data Types
    23.9.5     Other Data Types

  A   Compile-Time Error Messages

  A.1     Compile-Time Errors

  B   Run-Time Error Messages

  B.1     VAX BASIC Run-Time Errors By Mnemonic

  B.2     VAX BASIC Run-time Errors By Number

  B.3     Errors Not Generated By VAX BASIC

  C   Optional Programming Productivity Tools

  C.1     VAX Language-Sensitive Editor (LSE) and the VAX Source Code Analyzer (SCA)
    C.1.1      Preparing an SCA Library
    C.1.2      Starting and Terminating an LSE or an SCA Session
    C.1.3      Compiling from Within LSE
    C.1.4      Notes on VAX BASIC Support
      C.1.4.1      Programming Language Placeholders and Tokens
      C.1.4.2      Placeholder and Design Comment Processing
    C.1.5      LSE and SCA Examples
      C.1.5.1      FUNCTION Declaration
      C.1.5.2      FIND Statement
      C.1.5.3      FOR Statement

  C.2     VAX CDD/Plus

  C.3     VAX Database Management System (VAX DBMS)

  C.4     VAX DEC/Test Manager

  C.5     VAX DEC/Code Management System (CMS)

  EXAMPLES

  2-1        Sample Command Procedure

  4-1        VAX BASIC Compiler Listing

  4-2        Source Program Listing

  4-3        Cross-Reference Listing

  4-4        Qualifier Summary

  4-5        Machine Code Listing

  21-1       VAX BASIC Main Program

  21-2       VAX FORTRAN Subprogram

  21-3       Calling System Services

  21-4       Program Displaying the $QIOW System Service Routine

  C-1        LSE Placeholders in a VAX BASIC Program

  FIGURES

  2-1        Complete File Specification

  2-2        A Directory Hierarchy

  2-3        DCL Commands for Developing Programs

  3-1        Running Multiple-Unit Programs

  5-1        Keypad Key Functions Predefined by the Debugger

  9-1        Mixed-Mode Expression Results

  9-2        Multiple Maps

  19-1       Byte-Length Integer Format

  19-2       Word-Length Integer Format

  19-3       Longword Integer Format

  19-4       Single-Precision Real Number Format

  19-5       Double-Precision Real Number Format

  19-6       Fixed-Length String Descriptor Format

  19-7       Dynamic String Descriptor Format

  19-8       Array Descriptor Format

  19-9       Decimal Scalar String Descriptor

  21-1       Structure of a VAX Argument List

  21-2       Example of a VAX Argument List

  TABLES

  2-1        File Protection User Categories

  2-2        File Access Variations

  3-1        VAX BASIC Compiler Commands

  3-2        Examples of Editing in Line Mode

  5-1        Debugger Command Summary

  6-1        Predefined Constants

  8-1        MAT Statements

  8-2        MAT Statement Keywords

  9-1        VAX BASIC Data Types

  9-2        Result Data Types in VAX BASIC Expressions

  9-3        FILL Item Formats, Representations, and Default Allocations

  12-1       String Arithmetic Functions

  12-2       Precision of String Arithmetic Functions

  13-1       String Modification

  13-2       EDIT$ Options

  15-1       Record Context After a FIND Operation

  15-2       Record Context After a GET Operation

  15-3       Record Context After a PUT Operation

  15-4       VAX RMS Control Structures Set for the USEROPEN Clause

  16-1       Format Characters for Numeric Fields

  16-2       Format Characters for String Fields

  21-1       Valid Parameter-Passing Mechanisms

  21-2       Run-Time Library Facilities

  21-3       System Services

  21-4       VMS Usages

  21-5       VAX Register Usage

  23-1       Supported CDD/Plus Data Types

  23-2       Unsupported CDD/Plus Data Types

  B-1        Errors Not Generated by VAX BASIC

  C-1        LSE Commands Used to Examine Source Code

  C-2        Types of LSE Placeholders

  C-3        LSE Commands Used to Manipulate Tokens and Placeholders