CONTENTS Title Page Copyright Page Preface Part I Open Systems Explored 1 Introduction 2 Open Systems: Concept and Reality 2.1 The Evolution of Open Systems 2.2 Definition of an Open System 2.3 Perceptions of ``Open'' 2.3.1 Standard Platforms 2.3.2 Networking 2.3.3 Availability and Accessibility 2.4 Relating Definitions of Open Systems 2.5 Open Systems Potential 2.6 Standards for Open Systems 3 Application Environment Profiles 3.1 Profile Development Within Standards Organizations 4 Applying Open Systems Information to Your Business 4.1 Steps to Implement an Open Systems Environment 4.2 Using Standards in Describing Applications 4.2.1 Profile Development 4.2.2 Levels of Conformance 4.2.2.1 Strictly Conforming 4.2.2.2 ISO POSIX Conforming 4.2.2.3 ANSI POSIX Conforming 4.2.2.4 POSIX Conforming with Extensions 4.2.3 Managing Software Development 4.2.4 Conformance Testing of Applications 4.3 Using Standards When Buying Systems Part II Elements of an Open System 5 The Management Element 5.1 Description of Current Standards Work 5.2 History and Current Status 5.3 ISO/IEC Management Standards Activities 5.4 TCP/IP Management Activities 5.4.1 RFC 1157: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 5.4.2 Coexistence of TCP/IP and OSI 5.5 IEEE POSIX 1003.7 System Administration 5.6 Open Software Foundation's Distributed Management Environment 6 The User Interface Element 6.1 POSIX 1003.2: The Shell and Utilities Working Group 6.1.1 Description of POSIX 1003.2 Standards 6.1.2 POSIX 1003.2a: User Portability Extension 6.2 Form Interface Management System (FIMS) 6.2.1 History and Status of FIMS 6.3 X Window System 6.3.1 History and Status of the X Window System 6.4 Graphical User Interfaces 6.4.1 OSF/Motif 6.4.2 Open Look 7 The System Services Element 7.1 Languages 7.2 Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) 7.2.1 History and Current Status of POSIX 7.3 POSIX-Related International Work 7.4 Graphics 7.4.1 GKS 7.4.1.1 History and Current Status of GKS 7.4.2 GKS-3D 7.4.3 PHIGS 7.4.3.1 History and Current Status of PHIGS 7.4.4 PEX 8 The Information and Data Services Element 8.1 Data Definition and Access 8.1.1 Database Language Standards 8.1.1.1 The SQL Standard 8.1.1.2 History and Current Status of SQL 8.1.1.3 Network Database Language 8.1.2 Remote Database Access 8.1.2.1 History and Current Status of RDA 8.1.3 Data Repository and Management Systems 8.1.3.1 Information Resource Dictionary System (IRDS) 8.1.3.2 History and Current Status of IRDS 8.1.4 Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM) 8.2 Document Data Interchange and Processing 8.2.1 The Office Document Architecture (ODA) and Office Document Interchange Format (ODIF) 8.2.1.1 History and Status of ODA 8.2.2 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and Standard Document Interchange Format (SDIF) 8.2.2.1 History and Status of SGML and SDIF 8.2.3 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 8.2.3.1 History and Status of EDI 8.2.4 Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) 8.2.5 Electronic Design Interchange Format (EDIF) 8.2.6 PDES/STEP 8.2.6.1 History and Status of PDES/STEP 9 The Communications Services Element 9.1 The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) 9.1.1 History and Status of the Internet Protocol 9.2 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) 9.2.1 OSI Base Standard Description 9.2.2 History and Current Status of OSI 9.2.3 Functional Standards: International Standardized Profiles 9.2.3.1 OSI-Related Profile Work 9.2.3.2 OSI Implementors Workshops 9.2.3.3 Industry-Specific Groups 9.2.3.4 Government Groups 9.2.4 Conformance Testing 9.2.5 Interoperability Testing 9.3 Selected Established or Emerging Communications Standards 9.3.1 ISO/CCITT X.400, Mail and Message Interchange 9.3.2 ISO/CCITT X.500, Directory Services 9.3.3 File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM) 9.3.4 Remote Procedure Calls 9.3.5 ISO/CCITT X.25 (WAN Standard) 9.3.6 Local Area Network (LAN) Standards 9.3.6.1 IEEE 802.3 Standard for Ethernet Technology 9.3.6.2 Token Ring-IEEE 802.5 9.3.6.3 Fiber Distributed Data Interface 10 Other Concerns 10.1 Security 10.1.1 Communications Security 10.1.2 Operating System Security 10.2 Internationalization 10.3 Software Development Environment 10.3.1 PCTE 10.3.2 A Tools Integration Standard (ATIS) 10.3.3 CASE Integration Services Part III Reference Information 11 Overview to Standards Developing Organizations and Consortia 11.1 Organizations and Organizational Relationships 11.2 International Organizations: ISO, IEC, and ITU/CCITT 11.3 Regional Standards Organizations 11.4 Country Standards Organizations 11.4.1 U.S. Standards Organizations 11.4.2 ANSI-Accredited Standards Developing Organizations 11.5 Government Organizations 11.6 Industry Consortia and User Organizations 12 International Standards Development Organizations International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) 13 European Standards Organizations Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (CENELEC) European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 14 National Standards Bodies American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR) British Standards Institution (BSI) Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (DIN) Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) National Standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI) Standards Australia (SA) Swiss Association for Standardization (SNV) UNIficazione Information Technology (UNINFO) 15 ANSI Accredited Standards Organizations Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) X3 Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) X12 Computer Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 16 Regional Workshops Asia-Oceania Workshop (AOW) European Workshop on Open Systems (EWOS) NIST OSI/OSE Implementors' Workshop (OIW) 17 Consortia, Associations, and User Groups CALS/CE Industry Steering Group (ISG) Canadian Interest Group on Open Systems (CIGOS) CASE Integration Services (CIS) Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers' Association (CBEMA) Corporation for Open Systems (COS) European Computer Manufacturers' Association (ECMA) European Forum for Open Systems (EurOpen) European Open Systems Association (EurOSInet) European Telecommunications Informatics Services (ETIS) Information Technology Association of Canada (ITAC) M.I.T. X Consortium Multivendor Integration Architecture (MIA) Consortium NIST Computer Systems Laboratory (NIST/CSL) Object Management Group (OMG) Open Document Architecture Consortium (ODAC) Open Software Foundation, Inc. (OSF) Petrotechnical Open Software Corporation (POSC) Promoting Conference for Open Systems Interconnection (POSI) SQL Access Group (SAG) Standards Promotion and Application Group (SPAG) Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC) UniForum UniForum United Kingdom (UniForum UK) UNIX International, Incorporated (UI) User Alliance for Open Systems (UAOS) X/Open A Bibliography Glossary of Abbreviations and Definitions FIGURES 2-1 Open Systems Potential 3-1 The Role of Application Environment Profiles in Open Systems Implementation 3-2 Organization Levels for Profile Development 4-1 POSIX Conformance Levels for Applications 4-2 Added Value in Open Systems 5-1 Distributed Management Environment Model 6-1 POSIX 1003.2 Components 6-2 X Window System 7-1 Internationally Standardized Languages 7-2 Language Bindings for Commonly Implemented ISO Standards 9-1 OSI Reference Model 10-1 International Product Model 10-2 International Software Model 11-1 Organizations Working on IT Standardization 11-2 European Regional Standardization Organizations TABLES 9-1 IAB Network-Specific Standard Protocols 9-2 ISO/IEC JTC1 Subcommittees and Working Groups 10-1 TCSEC Operating-System Security Levels 1 Glossary of Abbreviations