CONTENTS

  Title Page

  Copyright Page

  Preface

  Summary of Technical Changes

  Part I   Developing VAX COBOL Programs

  1      Overview of VAX COBOL

  2      Developing VAX COBOL Programs at DCL Command Level

  2.1     Choosing a Reference Format
    2.1.1      Terminal Reference Format
    2.1.2      ANSI Reference Format
    2.1.3      Converting Between Reference Formats

  2.2     DCL Commands for Program Development

  2.3     Creating a VAX COBOL Program

  2.4     Using the COPY Statement in Your Source Program

  2.5     Compiling a VAX COBOL Program
    2.5.1      The COBOL Command
    2.5.2      COBOL Command Qualifiers
    2.5.3      Compiling Programs with Conditional Compilation Lines
    2.5.4      Compiler Error Messages
    2.5.5      Compiler Listings
      2.5.5.1      Source Program Listing
      2.5.5.2      Storage Map Portion of Compiler Listing
      2.5.5.3      Compilation Summary
      2.5.5.4      Compiler Listing Including the /MACHINE_CODE Qualifier
      2.5.5.5      Compiler Listing for a Contained Program

  2.6     Linking a VAX COBOL Program
    2.6.1      The LINK Command
    2.6.2      LINK Command Qualifiers
    2.6.3      Positional Qualifiers
    2.6.4      Using an Object Module Library
    2.6.5      Object Libraries
      2.6.5.1      Using System-Supplied Object Module Libraries
      2.6.5.2      Defining the Search Order for Libraries
      2.6.5.3      Default User Object Module Libraries
      2.6.5.4      System Libraries
    2.6.6      Shareable Images
      2.6.6.1      Creating a Shareable Image
      2.6.6.2      Using Transfer Vectors
    2.6.7      Linker Error Messages

  2.7     Running a VAX COBOL Program
    2.7.1      COBOL Run-Time Errors

  2.8     Program Switches
    2.8.1      Setting Switches Internally
    2.8.2      Setting Switches for a Process
    2.8.3      Order of Evaluation
    2.8.4      Checking and Controlling Switch Settings
    2.8.5      Example Using Program Switches

  3      Using the VMS Debugger

  3.1     VMS Debugger Concepts

  3.2     Features of the Debugger

  3.3     Getting Started with the Debugger
    3.3.1      Compiling and Linking to Prepare for Debugging
      3.3.1.1      Establishing the Debugging Configuration
    3.3.2      Starting and Ending a Debugging Session
    3.3.3      Issuing Debugger Commands

  3.4     Notes on VAX COBOL Support

  3.5     Sample Debugging Session

  Part II   Using VAX COBOL Features on VMS

  4      Numeric Data Handling

  4.1     How the Compiler Stores Numeric Data

  4.2     Sign Conventions

  4.3     Invalid Values in Numeric Items

  4.4     Evaluating Numeric Items
    4.4.1      Numeric Relation Tests
    4.4.2      Numeric Sign Tests
    4.4.3      Numeric Class Tests
    4.4.4      Success/Failure Tests

  4.5     Using the MOVE Statement
    4.5.1      Elementary Numeric Moves
    4.5.2      Elementary Numeric Edited Moves
    4.5.3      Common Move Errors

  4.6     Using the Arithmetic Statements
    4.6.1      Intermediate Results
    4.6.2      Specifying a Truncation Qualifier
    4.6.3      Using the ROUNDED Phrase
      4.6.3.1      ROUNDED with REMAINDER
    4.6.4      Using the SIZE ERROR Phrase
    4.6.5      Using the GIVING Phrase
    4.6.6      Multiple Operands in ADD and SUBTRACT Statements
    4.6.7      Common Errors in Arithmetic Statements

  4.7     Arithmetic Expression Processing

  5      Nonnumeric Data Handling

  5.1     Data Organization
    5.1.1      Group Items
    5.1.2      Elementary Items

  5.2     Special Characters

  5.3     Testing Nonnumeric Items
    5.3.1      Relation Tests of Nonnumeric Items
      5.3.1.1      Classes of Data
      5.3.1.2      Comparison Operations
    5.3.2      Class Tests for Nonnumeric Items

  5.4     Data Movement

  5.5     Using the MOVE Statement
    5.5.1      Group Moves
    5.5.2      Elementary Moves
      5.5.2.1      Edited Moves
      5.5.2.2      Justified Moves
    5.5.3      Multiple Receiving Items
    5.5.4      Subscripted Moves
    5.5.5      Common Nonnumeric Item MOVE Statement Errors
    5.5.6      Using the MOVE CORRESPONDING Statement for Nonnumeric Items
    5.5.7      Using Reference Modification

  6      Table Handling

  6.1     Defining Tables
    6.1.1      Defining Fixed-Length, One-Dimensional Tables
    6.1.2      Defining Fixed-Length, Multidimensional Tables
    6.1.3      Defining Variable-Length Tables
    6.1.4      Storage Allocation for Tables
      6.1.4.1      Using the SYNCHRONIZED Clause

  6.2     Initializing Values of Table Elements

  6.3     Accessing Table Elements
    6.3.1      Subscripting
    6.3.2      Subscripting with Literals
    6.3.3      Subscripting with Data Names
    6.3.4      Subscripting with Indexes
    6.3.5      Relative Indexing
    6.3.6      Index Data Items
    6.3.7      Assigning Index Values Using the SET Statement
      6.3.7.1      Assigning an Integer Index Value with a SET Statement
      6.3.7.2      Incrementing an Index Value with the SET Statement
    6.3.8      Identifying Table Elements Using the SEARCH Statement
      6.3.8.1      Implementing a Sequential Search
      6.3.8.2      Implementing a Binary Search

  7      Using the STRING, UNSTRING, and INSPECT Statements

  7.1     Concatenating Data Using the STRING Statement
    7.1.1      Multiple Sending Items
    7.1.2      Using the DELIMITED BY Phrase
    7.1.3      Using the POINTER Phrase
    7.1.4      Using the OVERFLOW Phrase
    7.1.5      Common STRING Statement Errors

  7.2     Separating Data Using the UNSTRING Statement
    7.2.1      Multiple Receiving Items
    7.2.2      Controlling Moved Data Using the DELIMITED BY Phrase
      7.2.2.1      Multiple Delimiters
    7.2.3      Using the COUNT Phrase
    7.2.4      Saving UNSTRING Delimiters Using the DELIMITER Phrase
    7.2.5      Controlling UNSTRING Scanning Using the POINTER Phrase
    7.2.6      Counting UNSTRING Receiving Items Using the TALLYING Phrase
    7.2.7      Exiting an UNSTRING Statement Using the OVERFLOW Phrase
    7.2.8      Common UNSTRING Statement Errors

  7.3     Examining and Replacing Characters Using the INSPECT Statement
    7.3.1      Using the TALLYING and REPLACING Options of the INSPECT Statement
    7.3.2      Restricting Data Inspection Using the BEFORE/AFTER Phrase
    7.3.3      Implicit Redefinition
    7.3.4      Examining the INSPECT Operation
      7.3.4.1      Setting the Scanner
      7.3.4.2      Active/Inactive Arguments
      7.3.4.3      Finding an Argument Match
    7.3.5      The TALLYING Phrase
      7.3.5.1      The Tally Counter
      7.3.5.2      The Tally Argument
      7.3.5.3      The Tally Argument List
      7.3.5.4      Interference in Tally Argument Lists
    7.3.6      Using the REPLACING Phrase
      7.3.6.1      The Search Argument
      7.3.6.2      The Replacement Value
      7.3.6.3      The Replacement Argument
      7.3.6.4      The Replacement Argument List
      7.3.6.5      Interference in Replacement Argument Lists
    7.3.7      Using the CONVERTING Option
    7.3.8      Common INSPECT Statement Errors

  8      The Basics of Handling VAX COBOL Files and Records

  8.1     VAX Record Management Services

  8.2     File Attributes

  8.3     Record Attributes
    8.3.1      Record Format
      8.3.1.1      Fixed-Length Records
      8.3.1.2      Variable-Length Records
    8.3.2      Print-Controlled Files

  8.4     File Design Considerations

  8.5     File Handling
    8.5.1      Identifying a File from Your VAX COBOL Program
      8.5.1.1      Using the VALUE OF ID Clause for Device Independence
      8.5.1.2      Using Logical Names
    8.5.2      Choosing File Organization and Record Access Mode
      8.5.2.1      File Organizations
      8.5.2.2      Record Access Modes

  8.6     Opening and Closing Files

  8.7     File Compatibility
    8.7.1      Data Type Differences
    8.7.2      Data Record Formatting Differences

  8.8     Backing Up Your Files

  8.9     Low-Volume I/O (ACCEPT and DISPLAY)
    8.9.1      Mnemonic Names (SPECIAL-NAMES Paragraph)
    8.9.2      Logical Name Devices
    8.9.3      ACCEPT Statement
    8.9.4      DISPLAY Statement

  8.10    Printing with VAX VFP

  9      Processing Sequential Files

  9.1     Sequential File Organization

  9.2     Design Considerations

  9.3     Statements for Sequential File Processing

  9.4     Defining a Sequential File

  9.5     Creating a Sequential File

  9.6     Reading a Sequential File

  9.7     Updating Records in a Sequential File

  9.8     Extending a Sequential File

  10     Processing Relative Files

  10.1    Relative File Organization

  10.2    Design Considerations

  10.3    Statements for Relative File Processing

  10.4    Defining a Relative File

  10.5    Creating a Relative File
    10.5.1     Sequential Access Mode Creation
    10.5.2     Random Access Mode Creation

  10.6    Reading a Relative File
    10.6.1     Sequential Reading
    10.6.2     Random Reading
    10.6.3     Dynamic Reading

  10.7    Updating a Relative File
    10.7.1     Rewriting Relative Records
      10.7.1.1     Sequential Access Mode Rewriting
      10.7.1.2     Random Access Mode Rewriting
    10.7.2     Deleting Relative Records
      10.7.2.1     Sequential Access Mode Deletion
      10.7.2.2     Random Access Mode Deletion

  11     Processing Indexed Files

  11.1    Indexed File Organization

  11.2    Design Considerations

  11.3    Statements for Indexed File Processing

  11.4    Defining an Indexed File

  11.5    Creating and Populating an Indexed File

  11.6    Reading an Indexed File
    11.6.1     Sequential Reading
    11.6.2     Random Reading
    11.6.3     Dynamic Reading

  11.7    Updating an Indexed File
    11.7.1     Sequential Updating
    11.7.2     Random Updating
    11.7.3     Dynamic Updating

  12     Input/Output Exception Conditions Handling

  12.1    Planning for the At End Condition

  12.2    Planning for the Invalid Key Condition

  12.3    Using File Status Values
    12.3.1     VAX COBOL File Status Values
    12.3.2     RMS File Status Values

  12.4    Using Declarative Procedures to Handle Exception Conditions

  13     Sharing Files and Protecting Records

  13.1    File-Sharing and Record-Locking Concepts

  13.2    Ensuring Successful File Sharing
    13.2.1     Providing Disk Residency
    13.2.2     Using VMS File Protection
    13.2.3     Determining the Intended Access Mode to a File
    13.2.4     Indicating the Access Allowed to Other Streams
    13.2.5     Describing Types of Access Streams
    13.2.6     Summarizing Related File-Sharing Criteria
    13.2.7     Checking File Operations
    13.2.8     Specifying the OPEN EXTEND in a File-Sharing Environment
      13.2.8.1     OPEN EXTEND with a Shared Sequential File
      13.2.8.2     OPEN EXTEND with a Shared Relative File
      13.2.8.3     OPEN EXTEND with a Shared Indexed File

  13.3    Using Record Locking
    13.3.1     Specifying Automatic Record Locking
    13.3.2     Specifying Manual Record Locking
    13.3.3     Locking Error Conditions
      13.3.3.1     Hard Record Locks
      13.3.3.2     Soft Record Locks
    13.3.4     Releasing Locks on Deleted Records
    13.3.5     Bypassing a Record Lock

  14     Using the COBOL SORT and MERGE Statements

  14.1    ASCENDING and DESCENDING KEY Phrases
    14.1.1     Sorting Concepts

  14.2    USING and GIVING Phrases

  14.3    INPUT PROCEDURE and OUTPUT PROCEDURE Phrases

  14.4    WITH DUPLICATES IN ORDER Phrase

  14.5    COLLATING SEQUENCE IS Alphabet-Name Phrase

  14.6    File Organization

  14.7    Multiple Sorts

  14.8    Sorting Variable-Length Records

  14.9    Preventing I/O Aborts

  14.10  The MERGE Statement

  14.11  Sample Programs Using the SORT and MERGE Statements

  15     Database Programming with VAX COBOL

  15.1    The Self-Paced Demonstration Package

  15.2    VAX COBOL Data Manipulation Language (DML)

  15.3    Creating a VAX COBOL DML Program

  15.4    Compiling a VAX COBOL DML Program
    15.4.1     Copying Database Records in a VAX COBOL Program
    15.4.2     Using the /MAP Compiler Qualifier

  15.5    Linking a VAX COBOL DML Program

  15.6    Running a VAX COBOL DML Program

  15.7    A Database

  15.8    Schema

  15.9    Storage Schema

  15.10  Subschema

  15.11  Stream

  15.12  Using CDD/Plus

  15.13  Database Records

  15.14  Database Data Item

  15.15  Database Key

  15.16  Record Types

  15.17  Set Types

  15.18  Sets
    15.18.1    Simple Set Relationships
      15.18.1.1    System-Owned Sets
      15.18.1.2    Simple Sets
      15.18.1.3    Forked Sets
    15.18.2    Multiset Relationships
      15.18.2.1    Many-to-Many Relationships Between Two Types of Records
      15.18.2.2    Many-to-Many Relationships Between Records of the Same Type
      15.18.2.3    One-to-Many Relationships Between Records of the Same Type

  15.19  Areas

  15.20  Realms

  15.21  Run Unit

  15.22  Currency Indicators
    15.22.1    Current of Realm
    15.22.2    Current of Set Type
    15.22.3    Current of Record Type
    15.22.4    Current of Run Unit

  15.23  Currency Indicators in a VAX COBOL DML Program
    15.23.1    Using the RETAINING Clause
    15.23.2    Using Keeplists
    15.23.3    Transactions and Quiet Points

  15.24  VAX COBOL DML Programming-Tips and Techniques
    15.24.1    The Ready Modes
      15.24.1.1    Record Locking
    15.24.2    COMMIT and ROLLBACK
    15.24.3    The Owner and Member Test Condition
    15.24.4    Using IF EMPTY Instead of IF OWNER
    15.24.5    Modifying Members of Sorted Sets
    15.24.6    CONNECT and DISCONNECT
    15.24.7    RECONNECT
    15.24.8    ERASE ALL
    15.24.9    ERASE Record-Name
    15.24.10  Freeing Currency Indicators
      15.24.10.1   Establishing a Known Currency Condition
      15.24.10.2   Releasing Record Locks
    15.24.11  FIND and FETCH Statements
    15.24.12  FIND ALL Option
    15.24.13  FIND NEXT and FETCH NEXT Loops
    15.24.14  Qualifying FIND and FETCH

  15.25  Handling Database Exception Conditions
    15.25.1    AT END Phrase
    15.25.2    ON ERROR Phrase
    15.25.3    USE Statement
    15.25.4    How to Translate DB-CONDITION Values to Exception Messages

  15.26  Debugging and Testing VAX COBOL DML Programs

  15.27  DBQ Commands and DML Statements

  15.28  Sample Debugging and Testing Session

  15.29  Reading a VAX COBOL Subschema Map Listing
    15.29.1    PARTSS1 Subschema Map Listing
    15.29.2    PARTSS3 Subschema Map Listing

  15.30  Examples
    15.30.1    Populating a Database
    15.30.2    Backing Up a Database
    15.30.3    Accessing and Displaying Database Information
    15.30.4    PARTBOM Sample Run
    15.30.5    Creating Relationships Between Records of the Same Type
    15.30.6    STOOL Program Parts Breakdown Report-Sample Run
    15.30.7    Creating New Record Relationships
      15.30.7.1    PERSONNEL-UPDATE Sample Run-Listing Before Promotion
      15.30.7.2    PERSONNEL-UPDATE Sample Run-Listing After Promotion

  16     Producing Printed Reports with VAX COBOL

  16.1    Designing the Report

  16.2    Components of a Report

  16.3    Accumulating and Reporting Totals

  16.4    The Logical Page and the Physical Page

  16.5    Programming the Conventional VAX COBOL Report
    16.5.1     Defining the Logical Page in a Conventional Report
    16.5.2     Controlling the Spacing in a Conventional Report
    16.5.3     Advancing to the Next Logical Page in a Conventional Report
      16.5.3.1     Programming for the Page-Overflow Condition in a Conventional Report
      16.5.3.2     Using a Line Counter
    16.5.4     Printing the Conventional Report
    16.5.5     A Conventional File Report Example

  16.6    Programming the Linage-File VAX COBOL Report
    16.6.1     Defining the Logical Page in a Linage-File Report
    16.6.2     Controlling the Spacing in a Linage-File Report
    16.6.3     Using the LINAGE-COUNTER
    16.6.4     Advancing to the Next Logical Page in a Linage-File Report
    16.6.5     Programming for the Page-Overflow Condition
    16.6.6     Printing a Linage-File Report
    16.6.7     A Linage-File Report Example

  16.7    Modes for Printing Reports
    16.7.1     Directly Allocating a Printer
    16.7.2     Spooling to a Mass Storage Device

  16.8    Programming the Report Writer Report
    16.8.1     Using the REPORT Clause in the File Section
    16.8.2     Defining the Report Section and the Report File
    16.8.3     Defining a Report Writer Logical Page with the PAGE Clause
    16.8.4     Describing Report Group Description Entries
    16.8.5     Vertical Spacing for the Logical Page
    16.8.6     Horizontal Spacing for the Logical Page
    16.8.7     Assigning a Value in a Print Line
    16.8.8     Defining the Source for a Print Field
    16.8.9     Specifying Multiple Reports
    16.8.10    Generating and Controlling Report Headings and Footings
    16.8.11    Defining and Incrementing Totals
      16.8.11.1    Subtotaling
      16.8.11.2    Crossfooting
      16.8.11.3    Rolling-Forward
      16.8.11.4    RESET Option
      16.8.11.5    UPON Option
    16.8.12    Restricting Print Items
    16.8.13    Processing a Report Writer Report
      16.8.13.1    Initiating the Report
      16.8.13.2    Generating a Report Writer Report
      16.8.13.3    Automatic Operations of the GENERATE Statement
      16.8.13.4    Ending Report Writer Processing
      16.8.13.5    Applying the USE BEFORE REPORTING Statement
      16.8.13.6    Suppressing a Report Group
    16.8.14    Selecting a Report Writer Report Type
      16.8.14.1    Detail Reporting
      16.8.14.2    Summary Reporting

  16.9    Report Writer Examples
    16.9.1     Input Data
    16.9.2     REPORT1-Detail Report Program
    16.9.3     REPORT2-Detail Report Program
    16.9.4     REPORT3-Detail Report Program
    16.9.5     REPORT4-Detail Report Program
    16.9.6     REPORT5-Summary Report Program

  16.10  Solving Report Problems
    16.10.1    Printing More Than One Logical Line on a Single Physical Line
    16.10.2    Group Indicating
    16.10.3    Fitting Reports on the Page
    16.10.4    Printing Totals Before Detail Lines
    16.10.5    Underlining Items in Your Reports
    16.10.6    Bolding Items in Your Reports

  17     Forms for Video Terminals

  17.1    Clearing a Screen Area

  17.2    Horizontal and Vertical Positioning of the Cursor

  17.3    Assigning Character Attributes to Your Format Entries

  17.4    Using the CONVERSION Clause to Display Data

  17.5    Handling Data with ACCEPT Options
    17.5.1     Using CONVERSION with ACCEPT Data
    17.5.2     Using ON EXCEPTION When Accepting Data with CONVERSION
    17.5.3     Protecting Your Screen
    17.5.4     Using NO ECHO with ACCEPT Data
    17.5.5     Assigning Default Values to Data Fields

  17.6    Using Keys on Your Terminal to Define Special Program Functions

  17.7    Using the EDITING Phrase

  18     Interprogram Communication

  18.1    Multiple COBOL Program Run-Unit Concepts
    18.1.1     Definition of a Multiple COBOL Program Run Unit
    18.1.2     Examples of COBOL Run Units
    18.1.3     Calling Procedures

  18.2    COBOL Program Attributes
    18.2.1     The INITIAL Clause
    18.2.2     The EXTERNAL Clause

  18.3    Transferring Execution Control
    18.3.1     The CALL Statement
    18.3.2     The EXIT PROGRAM Statement
    18.3.3     Nesting CALL Statements

  18.4    Accessing Another Program's Data Division
    18.4.1     The USING Phrase
      18.4.1.1     The Linkage Section

  18.5    Communicating with Contained COBOL Programs
    18.5.1     The COMMON Clause
    18.5.2     Defining and Using the GLOBAL Clause
      18.5.2.1     Sharing Data
      18.5.2.2     Sharing Files
      18.5.2.3     Sharing Database Resources
      18.5.2.4     Sharing Other Resources
    18.5.3     Sharing USE Procedures

  18.6    Including Non-COBOL Programs in the Run Unit

  18.7    Using VAX COBOL in the Common Language Environment

  18.8    The VAX Procedure Calling and Condition Handling Standard
    18.8.1     Register and Stack Usage
    18.8.2     Return of the Function Value
    18.8.3     The Argument List

  18.9    VMS Run-Time Library Routines

  18.10  VMS System Services Routines

  18.11  Calling Routines
    18.11.1    Determining the Type of Call
    18.11.2    Defining the Argument
    18.11.3    Calling the External Routine
    18.11.4    Calling System Routines
      18.11.4.1    System Routine Arguments
      18.11.4.2    Calling a System Routine in a Function Call
      18.11.4.3    Calling a System Routine in a Procedure Call
    18.11.5    Checking the Condition Value
      18.11.5.1    Library Return Status and Condition Value Symbols
    18.11.6    Locating the Result

  18.12  Calling Shareable Images

  18.13  Examples

  18.14  Additional Information

  Part III   VAX COBOL Programming Options and Performance Considerations

  19     Using the REFORMAT Utility

  19.1    ANSI-to-Terminal Format Conversion
    19.1.1     ANSI-to-Terminal REFORMAT Command String

  19.2    Terminal-to-ANSI Format Conversion
    19.2.1     Terminal-to-ANSI REFORMAT Command String

  19.3    REFORMAT Error Messages

  20     Optimizing Your VAX COBOL Program

  20.1    VAX Subset Processors and the /INSTRUCTION_SET Qualifier
    20.1.1     Overview of VAX Architectural Subsetting
    20.1.2     Performance Slowdowns for a Minority of Applications on Subset Processors
    20.1.3     Determining Whether You Have a Subset Processor
    20.1.4     The /INSTRUCTION_SET Qualifier

  20.2    Using BINARY (COMP) Data Items for Speed on Subset Processors

  20.3    Other Ways to Improve the Performance of Operations on Numeric Data
    20.3.1     Avoiding DISPLAY Data Items in Arithmetic Operations
    20.3.2     Mixing Scale Factors and Data Types
    20.3.3     Using Significant Digits

  20.4    Choices in Procedure Division Statements
    20.4.1     Using GO TO DEPENDING ON Instead of IF, GO TO
    20.4.2     Using Indexing Instead of Subscripting
    20.4.3     Using PERFORM n TIMES Instead of PERFORM VARYING
    20.4.4     Using SEARCH ALL Instead of SEARCH

  20.5    I/O Operations
    20.5.1     Using the APPLY Clause
      20.5.1.1     Using the PREALLOCATION Phrase of the APPLY Clause
      20.5.1.2     Using the EXTENSION Phrase of the APPLY Clause
      20.5.1.3     Using the DEFERRED-WRITE Phrase of the APPLY Clause
      20.5.1.4     Using the FILL-SIZE ON Phrase of the APPLY Clause
      20.5.1.5     Using the WINDOW Phrase of the APPLY Clause
    20.5.2     Using Multiple Buffers
    20.5.3     Sharing Record Areas

  20.6    Optimizing File Design
    20.6.1     Sequential Files
    20.6.2     Relative Files
      20.6.2.1     Maximum Record Number (MRN)
      20.6.2.2     Cell Size
      20.6.2.3     Bucket Size
      20.6.2.4     File Size
    20.6.3     Indexed Files
      20.6.3.1     Optimizing Indexed File I/O
      20.6.3.2     Calculating Key Index Levels
      20.6.3.3     Caching Index Roots

  A   Compiler Implementation Limitations

  B   Error Messages

  B.1     Run-Time Errors
    B.1.1     Sample Run-Time Error

  B.2     Program Run Errors
    B.2.1     Faulty Data
    B.2.2     Program Logic Errors

  B.3     Run-Time Input/Output Errors

  B.4     Compiler Messages

  C   Using the COBOL-81 SUBSET Flagger

  C.1     Using VAX COBOL to Produce Compatible COBOL-81 Source Programs

  C.2     Using the /STANDARD=PDP11 Qualifier

  C.3     VAX COBOL Flagging Procedures

  C.4     Source Level Differences and Incompatibilities
    C.4.1      General Language Concepts
    C.4.2      Unsupported Language Elements by Division

  C.5     Alignment of COMP Data Items

  D   Additional Information on COBOL Command Qualifiers

  D.1     Using the /FLAGGER Qualifier
    D.1.1     /FLAGGER Options
    D.1.2     FIPS Levels

  D.2     Differences Using /STANDARD=85 and /STANDARD=V3
    D.2.1     Overview
    D.2.2     DIVIDE Statement
    D.2.3     STRING Statement
    D.2.4     UNSTRING Statement
    D.2.5     INSPECT Statement
    D.2.6     PERFORM ...  VARYING ... AFTER Statement
    D.2.7     PIC P Digits
    D.2.8     Size of Variable-Length Tables
    D.2.9     EXIT PROGRAM Statement
    D.2.10    New and Revised I-O Status Codes
      D.2.10.1     No Valid Next Record Condition
    D.2.11    OPEN I-O and EXTEND Modes

  E   Optional Programming Productivity Tools

  E.1     VAX Language-Sensitive Editor (LSE) and the VAX Source Code Analyzer (SCA)
    E.1.1      Preparing an SCA Library
    E.1.2      Starting and Terminating an LSE or an SCA Session
    E.1.3      Compiling from Within LSE
    E.1.4      Notes on VAX COBOL Support
      E.1.4.1      Programming Language Placeholders and Tokens
      E.1.4.2      Placeholder and Design Comment Processing
    E.1.5      LSE and SCA Examples
      E.1.5.1      Data Definition
      E.1.5.2      IF Statement

  E.2     VAX CDD/Plus
    E.2.1      Overview of Data Dictionaries
    E.2.2      CDD/Plus Features
    E.2.3      CDD/Plus Concepts
      E.2.3.1      CDD/Plus Dictionary Formats
      E.2.3.2      Dictionary Path Names
      E.2.3.3      Dependency Recording
      E.2.3.4      Compiled Module Entities
      E.2.3.5      Entities
      E.2.3.6      Relationships
      E.2.3.7      Pieces Tracking
      E.2.3.8      Distributed Dictionary Access
      E.2.3.9      Data Security and Integrity
      E.2.3.10     CDD/Plus Call Interface
    E.2.4      Creating Data Definitions
    E.2.5      Accessing Data Definitions
      E.2.5.1      Using the COPY FROM DICTIONARY Statement
      E.2.5.2      Using the RECORD DEPENDENCY Statement
    E.2.6      Using the /DEPENDENCY_DATA Qualifier
    E.2.7      Viewing CDD/Plus Relationships
    E.2.8      VAX COBOL Support for CDD/Plus Data Types

  E.3     VAX COBOL GENERATOR
    E.3.1      VAX COBOL GENERATOR Features

  E.4     VAX Data Base Management System (VAX DBMS)

  E.5     VAX DEC/Test Manager

  E.6     VAX DEC/Code Management System (CMS)

  EXAMPLES

  2-1        Main Program and Subprograms

  2-2        Command Procedure to Link a Program as a Shareable Image

  2-3        Transfer Vectors

  2-4        Using Program Switches

  3-1        Source Code Used in the Sample Debug Session

  4-1        Success/Failure Test

  5-1        Item Concatenation Using Two MOVE Statements

  5-2        Sample Record Description Using the MOVE CORRESPONDING Statement

  6-1        One-Dimensional Table

  6-2        Multiple Data Items in a One-Dimensional Table

  6-3        Defining a Table with an Index and an Ascending Search Key

  6-4        Defining a Two-Dimensional Table

  6-5        Defining a Three-Dimensional Table

  6-6        Defining a Variable-Length Table

  6-7        Sample Record Description Defining a Table

  6-8        Record Description Containing a COMP SYNC Item

  6-9        Adding an Item Without Changing the Table Size

  6-10       How Adding 3 Bytes Adds 4 Bytes to the Element Length

  6-11       Initializing Tables with the VALUE Clause

  6-12       Initializing a Table with the OCCURS Clause

  6-13       Initializing Mixed Usage Items

  6-14       Initializing Alphanumeric Items

  6-15       Using a Literal Subscript to Access a Table

  6-16       Subscripting a Multidimensional Table

  6-17       Subscripting with Index Name Items

  6-18       Sample Table

  6-19       A Serial Search

  6-20       Using SEARCH and Varying an Index Other Than the First Index

  6-21       Using SEARCH and Varying an Index Data Item

  6-22       Using SEARCH and Varying an Index Not Associated with the Target Table

  6-23       Doing a Serial Search Without Using the VARYING Phrase

  6-24       A Multiple-Key Binary Search

  7-1        Using the STRING Statement and Literals

  7-2        Sample Overflow Condition

  8-1        Sample Record Description

  8-2        Determining Fixed-Length Record Size

  8-3        Determining Fixed-Length Record Size for Files with Multiple Record Descriptions

  8-4        Creating Variable-Length Records with the DEPENDING ON Phrase

  8-5        Creating Variable-Length Records with the RECORD VARYING Phrase

  8-6        Creating Variable-Length Records and Using the OCCURS Clause with the DEPENDING ON Phrase

  8-7        Defining Fixed-Length Records with Multiple Record Descriptions

  8-8        Defining a Disk File

  8-9        Defining a Magnetic Tape File

  8-10       How to Override or Supplement a File Specification at Run Time

  8-11       Sequential File SELECT Statements

  8-12       Relative File SELECT Statements

  8-13       Indexed File SELECT Statements

  9-1        Defining a Sequential File

  9-2        Creating a Sequential File

  9-3        Reading a Sequential File

  9-4        Rewriting a Sequential File

  9-5        Extending a Sequential File

  10-1       Defining a Relative File

  10-2       Creating a Relative File in Sequential Access Mode

  10-3       Creating a Relative File in Random Access Mode

  10-4       Reading a Relative File Sequentially

  10-5       Reading a Relative File Randomly

  10-6       Reading a Relative File Dynamically

  10-7       Rewriting Relative Records in Sequential Access Mode

  10-8       Rewriting Relative Records in Random Access Mode

  10-9       Deleting Relative Records in Sequential Access Mode

  10-10      Deleting Relative Records in Random Access Mode

  11-1       Defining an Indexed File

  11-2       Creating and Populating an Indexed File

  11-3       Reading an Indexed File Sequentially

  11-4       Reading an Indexed File Randomly

  11-5       Reading an Indexed File Dynamically

  11-6       Updating an Indexed File Sequentially

  11-7       Updating an Indexed File Randomly

  12-1       Handling the At End Condition

  12-2       Handling the Invalid Key Condition

  12-3       Defining a File Status for a File

  12-4       Using the File Status Value in an Exception Handling Routine

  12-5       Referencing RMS-STS, RMS-STV, RMS-CURRENT-STS, and RMS-CURRENT-STV Values

  12-6       The Declarative Skeleton

  12-7       A Declarative Procedure Skeleton

  12-8       Five Types of Declarative Procedures

  13-1       Two Access Streams to a Single File

  13-2       Program Segment for RMS-STS File-Sharing Exceptions

  13-3       Automatic Record Locking

  13-4       Sample Program Using Manual Record Locking

  14-1       INPUT and OUTPUT PROCEDURE Phrases

  14-2       USING Phrase Replaces INPUT PROCEDURE Phrase

  14-3       Overriding the COLLATING SEQUENCE IS Phrase

  14-4       Using Two Sort Files

  14-5       Using the AFTER STANDARD ERROR PROCEDURE

  14-6       Using the MERGE Statement

  14-7       Sorting a File with the USING and GIVING Phrases

  14-8       Using the USING and OUTPUT PROCEDURE Phrases

  14-9       Using the INPUT PROCEDURE and OUTPUT PROCEDURE Phrases

  14-10      Using the COLLATING SEQUENCE IS Phrase

  14-11      Creating a New Sort Key

  14-12      Merging Files

  15-1       Printing a Listing of a Simple Set

  15-2       Using Forked Sets

  15-3       Currency Indicators

  15-4       Using the RETAINING Clause

  15-5       ROLLBACK Statement

  15-6       Owner and Member Test Condition

  15-7       RECONNECT Statement

  15-8       FREE CURRENT Statement

  15-9       FETCH NEXT Loop

  15-10      Using a FETCH NEXT Loop to Walk Through a Set Type

  15-11      A Single USE Statement

  15-12      Multiple USE Statements

  15-13      Sample VAX COBOL DML Program Statements

  15-14      Sample DML Program Statements

  15-15      Populating a Database

  15-16      Backing Up a Database

  15-17      Accessing and Displaying Database Information

  15-18      Sample Run of the PARTBOM Program

  15-19      Creating Relationships Between Records of the Same Type

  15-20      Creating New Record Relationships

  15-21      Sample Run of PERSONNEL-UPDATE Before Promotion

  15-22      Sample Run of PERSONNEL-UPDATE After Promotion

  16-1       Checking for the Page-Overflow Condition

  16-2       Page Advancing and Line Skipping

  16-3       Checking for Page-Overflow on a 28-Line Logical Page

  16-4       Programming a 20-Line Logical Page Defined by the LINAGE Clause

  16-5       Sample Program 1

  16-6       Sample Program 2

  16-7       Sample Program 3

  16-8       Sample Program 4

  16-9       Sample Program 5

  16-10      Printing Labels Four-Up

  16-11      Printing Labels Four-Up in Sort Order

  17-1       Erasing a Screen

  17-2       Cursor Positioning

  17-3       Using PLUS for Cursor Positioning

  17-4       Using Character Attributes

  17-5       Using the CONVERSION Clause

  17-6       Using the ON EXCEPTION Clause

  17-7       Using the SIZE Phrase

  17-8       Using NO ECHO

  17-9       Using the DEFAULT Phrase

  17-10      Using the CONTROL KEY IN Phrase

  17-11      EDITING Phrase Sample Code

  18-1       Execution Sequence

  18-2       Sequence of Messages Displayed

  18-3       Calling a BASIC Program from VAX COBOL

  18-4       BASIC Program APP and Output Data

  18-5       Calling a FORTRAN Program from VAX COBOL

  18-6       FORTRAN Subroutine SQROOT

  18-7       Random Number Generator

  18-8       Sample Run of RUNTIME

  18-9       Using SYS$SETDDIR

  18-10      Using $ASCTIM

  18-11      Sample Run of CALLTIME

  B-1        Using RMS Special Registers to Detect Errors

  B-2        Using RMS-CURRENT Special Registers to Detect Errors

  D-1        INSPECT Statement Using Format 3

  D-2        INSPECT Statement Using Formats 1 and 2

  FIGURES

  2-1        DCL Commands for Developing Programs

  2-2        VAX COBOL Source Program Listing

  2-3        Storage Map Portion of VAX COBOL Compiler Listing

  2-4        Compilation Summary of a VAX COBOL Source Program Listing

  2-5        VAX COBOL Listing Specifying /MACHINE_CODE Qualifier

  2-6        VAX COBOL Listing of Contained Program

  6-1        Organization of the One-Dimensional Table in Example 6-1

  6-2        Organization of Multiple Data Items in a One-Dimensional Table

  6-3        Organization of a Table with an Index and an Ascending Search Key

  6-4        Organization of a Two-Dimensional Table

  6-5        Organization of a Three-Dimensional Table

  6-6        Memory Map for Example 6-7

  6-7        Memory Map for Example 6-8

  6-8        Memory Map for Example 6-9

  6-9        Memory Map for Example 6-10

  6-10       Memory Map for Example 6-11

  6-11       Memory Map for Example 6-13

  6-12       Memory Map for Example 6-14

  7-1        Results of the STRING Operation

  7-2        Matching Delimiter Characters to Characters in a Field

  7-3        Sample INSPECT Statement

  7-4        Typical REPLACING Phrase

  7-5        The Replacement Argument

  9-1        Sequential File Organization

  9-2        A Multiple-Volume Sequential File

  10-1       Relative File Organization

  11-1       Indexed File Organization

  13-1       Multiple Access to a File

  13-2       Relationship of Record Locking to File Sharing

  13-3       File-Sharing Options

  13-4       Why a Record-Already-Exists Error Occurs

  13-5       Valid and Invalid Combinations for Manual Record Locking

  15-1       Database and Application Program Relationship

  15-2       Bachman Diagram

  15-3       Partial Bachman Diagram of the PARTSS1 Subschema

  15-4       Bachman Diagram of the PARTSS3 Subschema

  15-5       Sample Occurrence Diagram 1

  15-6       Sample Occurrence Diagram 2

  15-7       One Occurrence of Set PART_SUPPLY

  15-8       Set Relationship

  15-9       Set Relationships

  15-10      Occurrence Diagram of a Relationship Between Two Set Types

  15-11      Bachman Diagram of a System-Owned Set Type

  15-12      Bachman Diagram of a Simple Set Type

  15-13      Bachman Diagram of a Forked Set Type

  15-14      Forked Set Occurrence

  15-15      Bachman Diagram of a Many-to-Many Relationship Between Two Types of Records

  15-16      Many-to-Many Relationship Between Two Types of Records

  15-17      Bachman Diagram of a Many-to-Many Relationship Between Records of the Same Type

  15-18      Current of PART_USES and PART_USED_ON

  15-19      Retain PART_USES Currency

  15-20      COMPONENT Is Connected to Both Set Types

  15-21      Finding the Stool Legs While Keeping STOOL Current of PART_USES

  15-22      Completed Bill of Materials

  15-23      Occurrence Diagram of a Many-to-Many Relationship Between Records of the Same Type

  15-24      Sample Parts Breakdown Report

  15-25      One-to-Many Relationship Between Records of the Same Type

  15-26      Sample Data Prior to Update

  15-27      Sample Data After Update

  15-28      Database Relationships

  15-29      Currency Status by Executable DML Statement

  15-30      Physical Representation of a Realm Without a RETAINING Clause

  15-31      Physical Representation of a Realm with a RETAINING Clause

  15-32      State of KEEPLIST-1 After Executing Line 000160

  15-33      State of KEEPLIST-1 After Executing Lines 000190 and 000200

  15-34      Transactions and Quiet Points

  15-35      Using the COMMIT Statement

  15-36      Occurrences of the RESPONSIBLE_FOR Set Type

  15-37      Modifying Members of Sorted Sets

  15-38      After Modifying MEMBER_B and Using RETAINING

  15-39      Occurrence Diagram Prior to RECONNECT

  15-40      Occurrence Diagram After RECONNECT

  15-41      Results of an ERASE ALL

  15-42      Results of an ERASE Record-Name (with Both OPTIONAL and FIXED Retention Classes)

  15-43      Record Locking

  15-44      Using FIND NEXT and FETCH NEXT Loops

  15-45      Split Screen After FETCH FIRST PART USING PART_ID

  15-46      Split Screen After FETCH NEXT WITHIN PART_SUPPLY

  15-47      Split Screen After MODIFY SUP_RATING

  15-48      Split Screen After FETCH OWNER WITHIN VENDOR_SUPPLY

  15-49      Split Screen After FETCH CURRENT PART RETAINING PART_SUPPLY

  15-50      Split Screen After FETCH NEXT WITHIN PART_SUPPLY

  15-51      Split Screen After FETCH 2 WITHIN PART_SUPPLY

  15-52      PARTSS1-PROGRAM Compiler Listing

  15-53      PARTSS3-PROGRAM Compiler Listing

  16-1       Sample Layout Worksheet

  16-2       Components of a Report

  16-3       Subtotals, Crossfoot Totals, and Rolled Forward Totals

  16-4       Logical Page Area for a Conventional Report

  16-5       A 20-Line Logical Page

  16-6       A Double-Spaced Master Listing

  16-7       Logical Page Areas for a Linage File Report

  16-8       A 28-Line Logical Page

  16-9       A 20-Line Logical Page

  16-10      Presentation Order for a Logical Page

  16-11      Sample Report Using All Seven Report Groups

  16-12      First GENERATE Statement

  16-13      Subsequent GENERATE Statements

  16-14      TERMINATE Statement

  16-15      CUSTMAST1.LIS

  16-16      CUSTMAST2.LIS

  16-17      CUSTMAST3.LIS

  16-18      CUSTMAST4.LIS

  16-19      CUSTMAST5.LIS

  16-20      Printing Labels Four-Up

  16-21      Printing Labels Four-Up in Sort Order

  17-1       Adding Information to a Master File with a Video Form

  17-2       Screen Before the ERASE Statement Executes

  17-3       Screen After the ERASE Statement Executes

  17-4       Positioning the Data on Line 19, Column 5

  17-5       Cursor Positioning Using the PLUS Option

  17-6       Screen Display with Character Attributes

  17-7       Sample Run of Program CONVERT

  17-8       Accepting Data with the ON EXCEPTION Option

  17-9       Screen Display of NUM-DATA Using the PROTECTED Option

  17-10      Accepting Data with the NO ECHO Option

  17-11      Accepting Data with the DEFAULT Phrase

  17-12      VAX COBOL Control Keys on the Standard VT52 Keypad

  17-13      VAX COBOL Control Keys on the Standard VT100 Keypad

  17-14      VAX COBOL Control Keys on the Standard VT200 and VT300 Keypad

  17-15      Screen Display of Program SPECIAL

  17-16      Form with ACCEPT WITH EDITING Phrase

  18-1       Run Unit with Three Separately Compiled Programs

  18-2       Run Unit with a Main Program and Two Contained Programs

  18-3       Run Unit with Three Separately Compiled Programs and Two Contained Programs

  18-4       Sharing Execution Control from a Main Program to Multiple Subprograms

  18-5       CALL Statement Nesting

  18-6       Accessing Another Program's Data Division

  18-7       Defining Data Names in Linkage Section

  18-8       Using the COMMON Clause

  18-9       Sharing USE Procedures

  18-10      Executing Declaratives with Contained Programs (Rule 1)

  18-11      Executing Declaratives Within Contained Programs (Rule 2)

  20-1       Execution of a SEARCH ALL Statement

  20-2       Sharing Record Areas

  20-3       Two-Level Primary Index

  B-1        Listing of Program CALL1

  B-2        Listing of Program CALL2

  TABLES

  2-1        VMS File Maintenance Commands

  2-2        COBOL Command Qualifiers and Defaults

  2-3        Common LINK Qualifiers and Defaults

  2-4        LINK Positional Qualifiers

  3-1        Debugger Command Summary

  4-1        Numeric Relational Operator Descriptions

  4-2        Sign Tests

  4-3        Numeric Editing

  4-4        ROUNDING

  5-1        Relational Operator Descriptions

  5-2        Nonnumeric Elementary Moves

  5-3        Data Movement with Editing Symbols

  5-4        Data Movement with the JUSTIFIED Clause

  6-1        Subscripting Rules for a Multidimensional Table

  6-2        Subscripting with Data Names

  7-1        Results of Sample Overflow Statements

  7-2        Values Moved into the Receiving Items Based on the Sending Item Value

  7-3        Handling a Short Sending Item

  7-4        Results of Delimiting with an Asterisk

  7-5        Results of Delimiting Multiple Receiving Items

  7-6        Results of Delimiting with Two Asterisks

  7-7        Results of Delimiting with ALL Asterisks

  7-8        Results of Delimiting with ALL Double Asterisks

  7-9        Results of Multiple Delimiters

  7-10       Values Resulting from Implicit Redefinition

  7-11       Relationship Among INSPECT Argument, Delimiter, Item Value, and Argument Active Position

  7-12       LEADING Delimiter of the Inspection Operation

  7-13       Results of the Scan with Separate Tallies

  8-1        VAX COBOL File Organizations-Advantages and Disadvantages

  9-1        Valid I/O Statements for Sequential Files

  10-1       Valid I/O Statements for Relative Files

  11-1       Valid I/O Statements for Indexed Files

  13-1       File-Sharing Environment Codes

  16-1       Results of Group Indicating

  17-1       Cursor Positioning Requirements for ERASE Options

  17-2       Available Character Attributes by Terminal Type

  17-3       VAX COBOL Characters Returned for Cursor Positioning, Program Function, Function, and Auxiliary Keypad Keys

  17-4       Key Functions for the EDITING Phrase

  18-1       VAX Register Usage

  18-2       Run-Time Library Facilities

  18-3       System Services

  18-4       VAX COBOL Implementation

  B-1        Information Contained in an Error Message

  D-1        Relationship Among VAX COBOL Modules, Subsets, and Levels

  D-2        PERFORM ...  VARYING ... AFTER Identifier Values

  D-3        Table Values After a MOVE Statement

  D-4        New and Revised I-O Status Codes

  E-1        CDD/Plus Data Types