CONTENTS Title Page Copyright Page Preface Part 1 Introduction 1 Network Concepts and Terms 1.1 Networking Overview 1.1.1 What Is a Network ? 1.1.2 What Is a Network Protocol ? 1.1.3 What Are Nodes, Lines, and Circuits ? 1.1.4 What Are Servers and Clients ? 1.1.4.1 File Services 1.1.4.2 Printer Services 1.1.5 What Are Routers ? 1.2 OSI Architecture 1.2.1 What Is the OSI Model ? 1.3 Types of Network Transports Part 2 DECnet Transport 2 DECnet Overview 2.1 What Is a DECnet Network? 2.2 How Does a DECnet Network Work? 2.2.1 How Does the Network Route Messages? 2.2.2 How Large Can the Network Be? 2.2.3 How Is the DECnet Software Design Structured? 2.3 What Does a DECnet Network Look Like? 2.3.1 What Systems Can Communicate over the Network? 2.3.2 What Communications Media Does DECnet Use? 2.3.2.1 Local Area Networks 2.3.2.2 Wide Area Networks 2.3.2.3 Integrated Networks 3 DECnet Tools 3.1 NCP Command Syntax 3.1.1 Using NCP on the Configuration Database 3.2 Overview of the NCP Test Commands 3.3 Testing the Network 3.3.1 Testing the Network with Loopback Messages 3.3.2 Loopback Counters 3.4 Troubleshooting by Diskette 3.4.1 Verifying the Software 3.4.2 Copying the Software to Your Hard Disk 3.4.3 Running NCP 4 Isolating DECnet Problems 4.1 DECnet Problem-Isolation Flowcharts 4.2 VMS Server Master Procedure (DECnet) 4.2.1 VMS Server Transport Procedure (DECnet) 4.2.2 VMS File Server Procedure (DECnet) 4.2.3 VMS Remote Printing Procedure (DECnet) 4.3 ULTRIX Server Master Procedure (DECnet) 4.3.1 ULTRIX Server Transport Procedure (DECnet) 4.3.2 ULTRIX File Server Procedure (DECnet) 4.3.3 ULTRIX Remote Printing Procedure (DECnet) 4.4 OS/2 Server Master Procedure (DECnet) 4.4.1 OS/2 Server Procedure (DECnet) 4.4.2 OS/2 LAN Manager Procedure (DECnet) 4.5 DOS Client Master Procedure (DECnet) 4.5.1 DOS Client Transport Procedure (DECnet) 4.5.2 DOS Client LAN Manager Procedure (DECnet) 4.5.3 DOS Client Remote Printing Procedure (DECnet) 4.6 OS/2 Client Master Procedure (DECnet) 4.6.1 OS/2 Client Transport Procedure (DECnet) 4.6.2 OS/2 Client LAN Manager Procedure (DECnet) 4.6.3 OS/2 Client Remote Printing Procedure (DECnet) 4.7 Client Loopback Test (DECnet) 4.8 Troubleshooting Hardware and Configuration (DECnet) 4.8.1 Duplicate Node Definition Procedure (DECnet) 4.8.2 Maximum Links/Connections Procedure (DECnet) 4.8.3 Loop Tests (DECnet) 4.8.3.1 Server-to-Server Loop Test (DECnet) 4.8.3.2 Client-to-Server Loop Test (DECnet) 4.8.3.3 Client-to-Client Loop Test (DECnet) 4.8.4 Network Connection Procedure (DECnet) 4.8.4.1 Daisy Chain Segment Test (DECnet) 4.8.4.2 DEMPR Configuration Segment Test (DECnet) 4.8.5 Network Segment Interface Procedure (DECnet) 5 DECnet Messages 5.1 Organization 5.2 Troubleshooting Notes Aborted Service Request Adjacency Rejected/Adjacency Up Asynchronous DECnet Problems Babbling Device Broadcast Storm Circuit State Problems Connect Failed, Access Control Rejected Connect Failed, Unrecognized Object Device Not Mounted Dialup Problems Insufficient Resources at Remote Node Invalid Parameter Value LAN Bridge Cannot Downline Load LAN Segment Communication Problem Line Synchronization Lost Login Information Invalid Network Object Unknown Network Partner Exited Node Out of Range Packet Loss Partial Routing Update Loss Partitioned Area Permission Denied Remote Node Is Not Currently Reachable Verification Reject Part 3 Transmission Control Program and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) 6 TCP/IP Overview 6.1 What Is an Internet Network? 6.2 What Is TCP/IP ? 6.3 What Are Addressing, Naming, and Routing? 6.3.1 Addressing 6.3.1.1 Common Internet Address Notation 6.3.1.2 Network Classes 6.3.1.3 Subnet Addressing 6.3.1.4 Advantages of Subnet Addressing 6.3.1.5 Subnets and Internet Addresses 6.3.1.6 Address Masks 6.3.2 Naming 6.3.2.1 Domain Name System 6.3.2.2 Name Servers 6.3.3 Routing 6.3.3.1 IP Routing Tables 6.3.3.2 Direct Routing 6.3.3.3 Indirect Routing 6.4 Network Protocols 6.4.1 Internet Protocol 6.4.2 Routing Protocols 6.4.3 Routing Information Protocol 6.4.4 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 6.5 Transport Protocols 6.5.1 Transmission Control Protocol 6.5.2 User Datagram Protocol 6.6 ARP and SNMP Protocols 6.6.1 Address Resolution Protocol 6.6.2 Simple Network Management Protocol 6.7 Servers 6.7.1 DECnet and TCP/IP Coexistence 6.7.2 DECnet-Internet Gateway 6.8 Routers 6.8.1 Internet Networks 6.8.1.1 Example of Setting up a Gateway 6.8.1.2 Editing the /etc/hosts File 6.8.1.3 Updating the Internal Routing Tables 6.8.1.4 Using a Gateway 6.8.2 Subnet Routing 6.8.3 Using Subnet Masks 6.8.3.1 Example of Subnet Routing on a Class A Network 6.8.3.2 Example of Subnet Routing on a Class B Network 6.8.3.3 Example of Setting Up Subnetworks 6.9 Clients 6.9.1 DOS Clients 6.9.2 TCP Components 6.9.3 DOS-Based Components 6.9.4 Protocol Stack 6.9.4.1 TCP/IP Protocols 7 TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools 7.1 VMS Tools 7.1.1 Log Files 7.1.1.1 SYS$MANAGER:OPERATOR.LOG 7.1.1.2 VMS Netserver Log File 7.1.1.3 SYS$ERRORLOG:ERRLOG.SYS 7.1.1.4 SYS$MANAGER:ACCOUNTNG.DAT 7.1.2 Loop Command 7.1.3 Installation Verification Procedure (IVP) 7.1.3.1 RUNNING IVP 7.1.3.2 IVP Messages 7.2 ULTRIX Tools 7.2.1 arp Command 7.2.2 netstat Command 7.2.3 ping Command 7.2.4 Log Files 7.2.4.1 ULTRIX Counters 7.3 DOS Tools 7.3.1 arp Command 7.3.2 netstat Command 7.3.3 ping Command 8 Isolating TCP/IP Problems 8.1 TCP/IP Problem-Isolation Flowcharts 8.2 VMS Server Master Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.2.1 VMS Server Transport Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.2.1.1 DECnet Transport Verification (TCP/IP) 8.2.1.2 UCX Transport Verification 8.2.2 VMS File Server Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.2.3 VMS Remote Printing Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.3 ULTRIX Server Master Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.3.1 ULTRIX Server Transport Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.3.2 ULTRIX File Server Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.3.3 ULTRIX Remote Printing Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.4 DOS Client Master Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.4.1 DOS Client Transport Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.4.2 DOS Client LAN Manager Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.4.3 DOS Client Remote Printing Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.5 Troubleshooting Hardware and Configuration (TCP/IP) 8.5.1 Duplicate Node Definition Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.5.2 Maximum Links/Connections Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.5.3 Network Connection Procedure (TCP/IP) 8.5.3.1 Daisy Chain Segment Test (TCP/IP) 8.5.3.2 DEMPR Configuration Segment Test (TCP/IP) 8.5.4 Network Segment Interface Procedure (TCP/IP) 9 TCP/IP Messages 9.1 Organization 9.2 Troubleshooting Notes 9.3 Server-Based Messages Connection Timed Out Host Is Unreachable Login Incorrect Network Is Unreachable Permission Denied 9.4 Client-Based Messages for DOS 9.4.1 Message Format 9.4.2 Load/Init Errors 9.4.3 FTP Errors 9.4.4 Network Maintenance Errors Part 4 Local Area Transport (LAT) 10 Local Area Transport (LAT) Overview 10.1 LAT Architecture 10.2 LAT Servers 10.3 LAT Clients 10.4 LAT Network Topology 11 Local Area Transport (LAT) Tools 11.1 LAT Control Program 11.2 Understanding Your LAT Configuration 11.2.1 LAT Database and Service Table 11.2.2 Preferred Services and Service Ratings 11.2.3 LAT Multicast Messages 11.2.4 LAT Search and Fallback (DOS Clients only) 11.2.5 Service Table Size 11.2.6 LAT Group Codes 11.2.7 Retransmission Limits 11.2.7.1 LAN Utilization 11.2.7.2 Cabling or Environmental Problems 11.3 LAN Traffic Monitor 11.3.1 LTM Hardware and Software 11.3.2 Running LAN Traffic Monitor 11.4 Terminal Server Manager 12 Isolating Local Area Transport (LAT) Problems 12.1 LAT Problem-Isolation Flowcharts 12.2 Troubleshooting Notes 12.3 VMS Server Master Procedure (LAT) 12.3.1 VMS Server Transport Procedure 12.3.2 VMS Server LAT Service Procedure 12.3.3 VMS Server Maximum Links/Connections Procedure 12.4 VMS Server Remote Printer Services Procedure (LAT) 12.5 ULTRIX Server Master Procedure 12.6 DOS Client Master Procedure (LAT) 12.6.1 DOS Client Configuration Procedure 12.6.1.1 Sample CONFIG.SYS File 12.6.1.2 Sample AUTOEXEC.BAT File 12.6.1.3 Sample STARTNET.BAT File 12.6.2 DOS Client Transport Procedure (LAT) 12.6.3 DOS Client Printer Services Procedure (LAT) 12.6.4 DOS Client Maximum Links/Connections Procedure 12.7 OS/2 Client Master Procedure (LAT) 12.8 OS/2 Client Configuration Procedure 12.8.0.1 Introduction to OS/2 Configuration Files 12.8.0.2 Sample Configuration Files for OS/2 12.8.0.3 Sample OS/2 CONFIG.SYS File 12.8.0.4 Sample STARTUP.CMD File 12.8.0.5 Sample PCSAOS2.CMD File 12.8.1 OS/2 Client Transport Procedure (LAT) 12.9 Network Connection Procedure 12.10 Network Segment Interface Procedure 12.11 Common Network Problems Using the LAT 12.12 LAT Client Problems Unable to connect to LAT Server Node Can not connect to a particular LAT service LAT connects to the wrong service LAT will not load LAT loses connections LAT loses characters when using SETHOST or VT320 LAT uses too much memory LAT does not work under an operating environment 12.13 LAT Terminal Server Problems Terminal server connection failures 13 LAT Messages 13.1 DOS Client Messages 13.2 OS/2 Client Messages Part 5 Local Area System Transport (LAST) 14 Local Area System Transport (LAST) Overview 14.1 LAST Architecture 14.2 New Capabilities 14.3 LAST-Related Software Components on VMS 14.3.1 PCSA_MANAGER 14.3.2 PCSA$RMI 14.3.3 LASTCP 14.3.4 NCP 14.3.5 LAD$KERNEL 14.3.6 LAD$SERVICE_DATABASE.DAT 14.3.7 Drivers 14.3.7.1 Disk Driver 14.3.7.2 LADDRIVER 14.3.7.3 LADCDRIVER 14.3.7.4 LANSDRIVER 14.3.7.5 LASTDRIVER 14.3.7.6 Ethernet Datalink Driver 14.4 LAST-Related Software Components on DOS 14.4.1 NETSETUP.EXE 14.4.2 NET.EXE 14.4.3 USE.EXE 14.4.4 NCP.EXE 14.4.5 CONFIG.SYS 14.4.6 LADDRV.SYS 14.4.7 REDIR.EXE 14.4.8 LAD.EXE 14.4.9 LANSESS.EXE 14.4.10 LAST.EXE 14.4.11 SCH.EXE 14.4.12 Ethernet Datalink 14.5 LAST-Related Software Components on OS/2 14.5.1 NETSETUP.EXE 14.5.2 NCP.EXE 14.5.3 LASTCP.EXE 14.5.4 NETBIND.EXE 14.5.5 CONFIG.SYS 14.5.6 USE 14.5.7 LADDRV.SYS 14.5.8 LASTDD.SYS 14.5.9 DLLMAC.SYS 14.5.10 Ethernet Drivers 14.5.11 PROTMAN.OS2 15 Local Area System Transport (LAST) Tools 15.1 LASTCP on VMS 15.1.1 EXIT 15.1.2 HELP 15.1.3 SHOW 15.1.3.1 Showing Information About Nodes 15.1.3.2 Showing Network Counters 15.1.3.3 Showing the LASTDRIVER Status 15.1.3.4 Showing Known Servers 15.1.4 START TRANSPORT 15.1.4.1 START TRANSPORT /ALL_CONTROLLERS 15.1.4.2 START TRANSPORT /CHECKSUM 15.1.4.3 START TRANSPORT /CIRCUIT_MAXIMUM 15.1.4.4 START TRANSPORT /CONTROLLERS 15.1.4.5 START TRANSPORT /DEVICE 15.1.4.6 START TRANSPORT /GROUP 15.1.4.7 START TRANSPORT /NODE_NAME 15.1.4.8 START TRANSPORT /SLOW_MODE 15.1.4.9 START TRANSPORT /TIMEOUT 15.1.4.10 START TRANSPORT /TRANSMIT_QUOTA 15.1.5 STOP 15.1.6 ZERO 15.2 LASTCP on OS/2 15.2.1 Installing and Starting LAST 15.2.2 Changing the Characteristics or Displaying Information 15.3 LAST on DOS 16 Isolating Local Area System Transport (LAST) Problems 16.1 LAST Problem-Isolation Flowcharts 16.2 VMS Server Master Procedure (LAST) 16.2.1 VMS Server Transport Procedure (LAST) 16.2.2 VMS Server Disk Services Procedure (LAST) 16.2.3 VMS Server File and Print Services Procedure (LAST) 16.2.4 VMS Server Maximum Connections Procedure (LAST) 16.2.4.1 Disk Services Maximum Connection Procedure 16.2.4.2 File and Print Services Maximum Connection Procedure 16.3 DOS Client Master Procedure (LAST) 16.3.1 Troubleshooting Considerations 16.3.2 DOS Client Required Components Procedure (LAST) 16.3.2.1 Component Load Order 16.3.3 DOS Client Memory Interaction Procedure (LAST) 16.3.4 DOS Client Transport Procedure (LAST) 16.3.5 DOS Client Disk Services Procedure (LAST) 16.3.6 DOS Client File and Print Services Procedure (LAST) 16.4 OS/2 Client Master Procedure (LAST) 16.4.1 Troubleshooting Considerations 16.4.2 OS/2 Client Required Components Procedure (LAST) 16.4.2.1 Component Load Order 16.4.3 OS/2 Client Transport Procedure (LAST) 16.4.4 OS/2 Client Disk Services Procedure (LAST) 16.5 Network Connection Procedure 16.6 Network Segment Interface Procedure 17 LAST Related Messages 17.1 LAST-Related Messages on VMS 17.1.1 LASTCP Messages 17.1.2 LAD$KERNEL Messages 17.1.2.1 LAD Log File Messages 17.2 LAST-Related Messages on DOS 17.2.1 LAST Messages 17.2.2 LADDRV.SYS Messages 17.2.3 LAD Messages 17.2.4 LANSESS Messages 17.3 LAST-Related Messages on OS/2 17.3.1 LASTCP Messages 17.3.2 LASTDD.SYS Messages 17.3.3 LADDRV Messages Part 6 Appendixes A Routing Layer Events B Tuning the DOS Client B.1 Responsiveness to Lost Packets B.2 Connection Persistence B.2.1 Executor Retransmit Factor Parameter B.2.2 Executor Confidence Timer Parameter C Ethernet Configuration Guidelines C.1 Baseband Ethernet C.2 ThinWire Ethernet C.3 Fiber-Optic Cable C.4 DELNI Local Network Interconnect C.5 DEMPR ThinWire Multiport Repeaters C.6 DEREP Ethernet Repeaters C.7 Bridges Glossary /etc/hosts . . . Asynchronous Autobaud . . . Circuit Client . . . DEFINE DELNI . . . Down-line loaded Dynamic connection . . . Forward Gateway . . . Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Internet . . . LAT LAT node . . . Load host Loaddump_secure . . . Management agent Maximum cost . . . Network Control Program (NCP) Network Device Utility (NDU) . . . Node-id Nonrouting node . . . Physical device PID . . . Pseudo-device Reachable node . . . Rlogin Root . . . Service Table SET . . . Subnet address Subnet mask . . . VMS Access Control List Virtual disk . . . Zone EXAMPLES 5-1 SYSGEN SHOW/DEVICE Display 11-1 LAN Traffic Monitor Display 11-2 Terminal Server Manager FIGURES 1-1 Local Area Network (LAN) 1-2 Wide Area Network (WAN) 1-3 Nodes, Lines, and Circuits 1-4 VMS File Services 1-5 Server Printer Service 2-1 DECnet Network Architecture (DNA) Layers and Protocols 2-2 Example of a Small Local Area Network Configuration 2-3 Examples of DDCMP Connections 2-4 Large Integrated DECnet Configuration 3-1 Loop Line Controller 3-2 Loop Node 3-3 Loop Circuit 4-1 Problem with Untried Network (DECnet Flowchart 1) 4-2 When Hardware Has Changed (DECnet Flowchart 2) 4-3 When Software Is Unmodified (DECnet Flowchart 3) 4-4 Transport Problem (DECnet Flowchart 4) 4-5 File Server Problem (DECnet Flowchart 5) 4-6 Remote Printing Problem (DECnet Flowchart 6) 4-7 Examples of Node Databases 4-8 Correct Setup of VMS Server 4-9 Examples of Node Databases 4-10 ULTRIX Server Set Up Correctly 4-11 Examples of Node Databases 4-12 Examples of Node Databases 4-13 Loopback Connector Assembly 4-14 Disconnecting ThinWire Cabling From Client 4-15 Loopback Connector Installation 4-16 Examples of Node Databases 4-17 Checking Daisy Chain Configuration Segments 4-18 Checking DEMPR Configuration Segments 5-1 VMS Access Control 5-2 Area Partitioned Due to Multiple Failures 5-3 Area Partitioned Due to Configuration Weaknesses 6-1 Internet Protocol Model Levels 6-2 32-Bit Address and Common Internet Notation 8-1 Problem with Untried Network (TCP/IP Flowchart 1) 8-2 When Hardware Has Been Changed (TCP/IP Flowchart 2) 8-3 When Software Is Unmodified (TCP/IP Flowchart 3) 8-4 Transport Problem (TCP/IP Flowchart 4) 8-5 File Server Problem (TCP/IP Flowchart 5) 8-6 Remote Printing Problem (TCP/IP Flowchart 6) 8-7 Correct Setup for VMS Server 8-8 Correct Setup of ULTRIX Server 8-9 Correct Setup for DOS Client 8-10 Checking Daisy Chain Configuration Segments 8-11 Checking DEMPR Configuration Segments 10-1 Architectural Diagram of LAT 10-2 Establishing a LAT Session 10-3 VMS Node Offering Two LAT Services 10-4 Identical LAT Services Offered on Several VMS LAT Nodes 10-5 A PC Connected to a VMS LAT Service Named B 10-6 Valid LAT Configuration 10-7 LAT Configuration Showing Unreachable LAT Nodes on a LAN Segment 11-1 LAT Servers Offering an Identical Service 11-2 LAT Servers Offering Different Services 11-3 Using Group Codes to Control Access to LAT Services 12-1 Problems on an Untried Network (LAT Flowchart 1) 12-2 When Hardware Has Changed (LAT Flowchart 2) 12-3 When Software is Unmodified (LAT Flowchart 3) 12-4 Problem with Transport (LAT Flowchart 4) 12-5 Printing Problems (LAT Flowchart 5) 12-6 VMS Server Set Up Correctly 12-7 VMS Server Set Up Correctly 12-8 VMS Server Set Up Correctly 14-1 Block Diagram of VMS Server Network Components 14-2 VMS Server Disk Services Components 14-3 VMS Server File Services Over LAST Components 14-4 Block Diagram of DOS Client Network Components 14-5 DOS Client Disk Services Components 14-6 DOS Client File Services (Over LAST) Components 14-7 DOS Client File Services (Over DECnet) Components 14-8 Block Diagram of OS2 Client Network Components 14-9 OS2 Client Disk Services Components 16-1 Problem with Untried Network (LAST Flowchart 1) 16-2 When Hardware has Changed (LAST Flowchart 2) 16-3 When Software is Unmodified (LAST Flowchart 3) 16-4 Problem with Transport (LAST Flowchart 4) 16-5 Problem with Disk Services (LAST Flowchart 5) 16-6 Problem with File Services (LAST Flowchart 6) 16-7 Problem with Print Services (LAST Flowchart 7) 16-8 VMS Server Set Up Correctly 16-9 DOS Client Set Up Correctly 16-10 OS/2 Client Set Up Correctly TABLES 1-1 OSI Layers 1-2 Types of Network Transports 3-1 Example of NCP Command Syntax 3-2 Definition of Circuit and Line ID 3-3 DECnet-VAX Device Names 4-1 Key Questions for DECnet 5-1 Network Problems and Extent of Disturbance on the Network 5-2 NCP Executor Proxy Access Parameters 5-3 Specifying the device type 5-4 LAN Bridge 100 or 150 Indicator Lights 5-5 LAN Bridge 100 or 150 Switch Settings 5-6 NCP Proxy Access Parameters 6-1 Internet Protocol Model Functions 6-2 Internet Address Classes 6-3 Address Ranges for Network Classes 6-4 Internet Domains 6-5 Host white's /etc/hosts File-Internet Configuration 6-6 Host white's Modified /etc/hosts File-Internet Configuration 6-7 Host white's Internal Routing Table - Internet Configuration 6-8 Common Interface Names 6-9 Host flute's Updated /etc/hosts File 6-10 Host flute's Updated Internal Routing Table 7-1 Troubleshooting Tools 7-2 IVP Error Messages 7-3 netstat Command Options 7-4 ping Command Options 7-5 arp Command Options 7-6 netstat Command Options 8-1 Key Questions for TCP/IP 8-2 DOS-Based NMF Device Drivers 8-3 DOS-Based NMF TSR Programs 12-1 Key Questions for LAT 12-2 Print Queue States and Conditions 16-1 Key Questions for LAST 16-2 CONFIG.SYS Components Required With DLLDEPCA.EXE 16-3 CONFIG.SYS Components Required With DLLNDIS.EXE B-1 Delay Weights B-2 Delay Factors B-3 Default Retransmit Factors